Index

Below is a list of all PIE roots and their proposed meanings. Currently, roots are listed as in Pokorny 1959, though we intend to modernize root shapes in the near future (thus, “h₂eǵ-” for “aǵ-”).
ā

(an exclamation)

ab-

water, river

ā̆bel-, ā̆bō̆l-, abel-

apple

abʰ-

swift, quick, abrupt

abʰro-

strong, mighty

abō(n)

ape, monkey

1. ad-

at, by, to

2. ad-

to fix, put in order

ades-, ados-

spelt (type of grain)

ad(u)-, ad-ro-

current, water course

aǵ-

to lead, drive, agitate

ā̆ǵ-

goat

aǵʰ-

animal that may bear young

agʰ-

to ail, fear, be depressed

ā̆ǵʰer-, ā̆ǵʰen-, ā̆ǵʰes-, or ō̆ǵʰer etc.

day, dawn

agʰ-(lo-)

disgusting, unpleasant

agʰl(u)-

dark cloud; rainy weather

agos-

sin, guilt; fault, blemish

agro-, egro-?

first, highest; apex, beginning

aǵro-s

field, acre

agʷ(e)sī, aksī

axe

agʷʰ-no-s

lamb

1. ai

(an exclamation)

2. ai-

to drive, close in; harm, overwhelm

3. ai-

to give

4. ā̆i-

to burn, shine

aid-

to swell; strong

ai-dʰ-, i-dʰ-, nasalized i-n-dʰ-

to burn, shine

ā̆ier-, ā̆ien-

day(light), morning

aiǵ-

goat

2. aig-

oak

3. aig-

to swing, vibrate, move violently

ā(i)ǵʰ- : īǵʰ-

to need, desire

1. aig-, nasalized ing-

ill, sick; depressed, dispirited

aigʷʰ-

to be ashamed

aik-

to call to

ā̆iḱ- : ī̆ḱ-

pike, spear, spit

5. ai- : oi-

oath, significant speech

ai̯os-

ore, metal (copper, bronze, iron)

ai-rā

(type of grass)

1. ais-

to wish, desire, ask/search for

2. ais-

to respect, worship, be in awe

aisk-

clear, bright, shining

ai-ti-, ai-to-, oi-to-

part, portion

ai-tro-

sharp, bitter

aiu̯-, ai̯u-

vitality, life force

1. aḱ-, aḱō-

to eat

akkā

mama (nursery word)

2. aḱ-, oḱ-

sharp, acute, angular; stone

aḱru

tear(drop)

akʷ-

to hurt, damage

akʷā-, more accurately əkʷā, ēkʷ-

aqua, water, river

2. al-

to grow, nourish, enhance

3. ā̆l-

to roam, wander; be crazy/confused

4. al-

to burn

5. al-

to mill, grind

alā

hello! (greeting)

6. al-, alōu- : aləu-

white, gleaming

albʰi-

barley

albʰo-

white, albino

aldʰ-

trough

aleq-

to protect, ward off

algʰ-

cold, frost, algidity

algʷʰ-

to gain, earn; price, value

1. al-, ol-

beyond; other, alien

alp-

small, weak

ālu-, ālo-

a bitter plant?

alu-, alu-d-, alu-t-

bitter; ale, beer

ambʰi, m̥bʰi

around, at both sides

amə-

to proceed energetically; firm up; suffer

āmer-, āmōr, āmr̥

day

ames-, or omes-

blackbird: merl, ousel

am(m)a, amī̆

mama, amah (nursery word)

1. am-, mē-

to grab, seize

2. am-, mē-

to mow

1. an-

relative, ancestor

2. an-

there, other side

4. an-, anu, anō, nō

on, along, over there

andʰ-, anedʰ-

to sprout, bloom, blossom; herb, anther

andʰer-, ṇdʰer-

stem, spike

andʰo-

blind, dark, somber

3. an(ə)-

to breathe, respire, animate

anət-

duck, solan

anətā, enətā

anta, doorpost

anǵʰ-

tight, narrow, anguished; to constrict

anǵʰen-

scent, smell, odor; person

angʷ(ʰ)i-

eel, worm, snake, serpent

1. ank-

force; need, necessity

2. ank-, ang-

to flex, bend, angle

āno-

ring, annulus

ans-

favorable, well inclined

ansā, ansi-

noose, snare; ansa, handle

ansu-, ṇsu-

ghost, spirit, demon

antro-m

cave, hollow

ant-s

brow, front, anterior

2. ā̆p-

water, river

3. ap-, āp-

old, fragile; harm, damage

3a. pel-

to fold

apelo-

strength

2a. pel-, pelə- : plā-

to drive, propel, set in motion

2a. per-

to pass over/beyond

āpero-

shore, bank (of river)

1. ap-, more accurately əp- : ēp-

to take, reach, grasp

apo-, pō̆, ap-u, pu

off, out of, away from

appa

papa (nursery word)

apsā

aspen (tree)

3. ar-

nut

5. ar-

to deny, refuse, renounce

ardʰ-

pole, stake

ardi-, r̥di-

tip, point, edge

ar(ə)-

to ear, plow

areg-

to lock, shut away

ar(e)-ǵ-, arǵ-?, r̥ǵi-

white, argent, glittering

arenko-

(type of grain?)

areq-

to lock, guard, protect

4. ar, er, or?, r̥

now, therefore; (interrogative particle)

ario-?

host, lord, master

arōd-, arəd-

(type of waterbird)

aro-m

reed?

2. ar-, or er-

to share, distribute

arqu-

arc, arch, something bent

1. ar-, tʰematic (a)re-, ʰeavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base (a)rī̆-, rēi-

to fit, suit

aru̯ā

intestines?

ā̆s-, based on it azd-, azg(ʰ)-

to burn, glow; ash

ast(ʰ)-

bone

at-

to go; year, annum

āt(e)r-

fire

*ati-, ateli-

(type of fish)

ati, ato-

over, beyond

ā̆tos, atta

daddy, mommy (nursery word)

1. au-

ow! (exclamation of pain)

5. au̯-, au̯ē-

to plait, weave

7. au̯-, au̯ē-, au̯ēi-

to like, help

6. au̯-, au̯ed-

to speak

8. au̯-, au̯ēi-

to perceive, understand, be aware of

2. au-, au̯-es-, au-s-

to sleep, stay overnight

3. au-, au̯e, u̯ē̆-

down, away from

9. au̯(e)-, au̯ed-, au̯er-

to wet, flow, sprinkle; water, river, etc.

10. au̯(e)-, au̯ē(i)-, u̯ē-

to vent, blow

au̯eg-, u̯ōg-, aug-, ug-

to augment, increase, magnify

au̯ei-, əu̯ei-?

bird, avifauna

3a. u̯er-, u̯r̥mi-s, u̯r̥mo-s

worm

au̯es-

to shine

11. au̯ē-, (u̯e-d(ʰ)-?)

to strain, take pains

aug-

to shine, gleam, glitter

augʰ-, ugʰ-

nape of the neck

au̯iǵ-

oats; type of grass

au-lo-s : ēu-l-

tube, pipe, aulos

au̯o-s

maternal grandfather

auqʷ(ʰ)- : uqʷ(ʰ)-, probably also u̯eqʷ(ʰ)-

cooking pot

aus-

to draw (water); scoop, ladle

4. au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o-

other; that (one)

baba-

babble, babbling, unclear speech

badi̯os

bay, brown; gold, yellow

baitā, or paitā?

goatskin; cloak, mantle

bak-

stick, staff; to hit, peg

bal-bal-

babbling, unclear speech

bal-, balbal-

to dance, shake, whirl

band-

drop (of liquid)?

bar-bar-

babbling, unclear speech

bata-

babble, murmur, meaningless stuttering

bau

bow-wow (onomatopoeic: dog barking)

baˣb-, bʰaˣbʰ-, paˣp-

to swell

baˣmb-

(type of noise)

baˣmb-, bʰaˣmbʰ-, paˣmp-, pʰaˣmpʰ-

to swell

bdel-

to suck

bē, bā

baa (onomatopoeic: sheep bleating)

bed-

to swell

1. bel-

to cut off, cut out

2. bel-

strong

bend-, bṇd-no-

spike, needle, tip jutting out

1. b(e)u-, bʰ(e)u-

(onomatopoeic: dull noise)

2. b(e)u-, bʰ(e)ū̆-

to boil, swell, puff up

2. bʰā-

to speak

bʰabʰā

bean

1. bʰā-, bʰō-, bʰə-

to shine, glisten

bʰā̆d-

good, better

1. bʰag-

to divide, apportion

2. bʰag-

sharp

bʰā̆gʰ-

bog, swamp, lowland

bʰāǵʰú-s

elbow, forearm

bʰāgó-s

beech (tree)

bʰar- : bʰor- : bʰr̥-

burr, stubble; something jutting out

bʰardʰā

beard

bʰarekʷ-, or bʰerekʷ-

to farce, stuff full

bʰares-

barley

bʰares-, bʰores-

point, bristle, stubble (with formants)

bʰaru-

(fir) tree, forest

bʰasko-

heap, bundle, fascicle

bʰāso-, or bʰēso-

(large bird of prey)

bʰāt- : bʰət-

to bat, hit

2. bʰāu-

to shine, glisten

1. bʰā̆u- : bʰū̆-

to hit, beat

1. b(ʰ)e, and b(ʰ)eǵʰ

beside, outside, without

2. bʰē̆, bʰō̆

(emphatic particle)

bʰē-, bʰō-

to warm, bake, roast, fry

bʰebʰru-, bʰebʰro-

glittering; bright brown

1. bʰedʰ-

to dig, stab, pierce, embed

2. bʰedʰ-

to flex, bend, crook

bʰeg-, bʰeng-

to bang, break, smash

bʰēgʰ- : bʰōgʰ-

to resist, dispute

bʰegʷ-

to flee, run away

bʰei-

bee (insect)

bʰeid-

to bite, prick, pierce, split

1. bʰeidʰ-

to force; advise, confide, encourage

2. bʰeidʰ-

to bind, plait

bʰei(ə)-, bʰī-

to hit

bʰeigʷ-

to shine, glitter?

2. bʰel-

henbane

6. bʰel-

to speak, bell, bellow, resound

bʰ(e)lāg-

weak, silly, ridiculous

4. bʰel-, and bʰlē-, bʰlō-, bʰlə-

leaf, foil, blade; bloom

1. bʰel-, Balto-Slavic also bʰelə-

glittering white

3. bʰel-, bʰlē-

to grow, spread, swell, inflate

5. bʰel-, cʰiefly witʰ suffixes: bʰeləǵ-, bʰelə-n-ǵ-, bʰeleǵ-, bʰl̥ḱ-

balk, beam, rafter

bʰeld-

to hit, poke

bʰeleg-

to shine, glisten

bʰeleu-

to hit, weaken; ill, weak

bʰelǵʰ-

to swell, bulge, billow

bʰen-

to hit, wound

bʰend-

to sing, rejoice

bʰendʰ-

to tie, bind

bʰenǵʰ-, bʰn̥ǵʰ-, adj. bʰn̥ǵʰú-s

fat, thick, dense

1. bʰer-

to bear, bring, carry

2. bʰer-

to boil, swell, well up

3. bʰer-

to bore, cut, scrape, use sharp tool

4. bʰer-

to hum, buzz

5. bʰer-

shining; bright brown

6. bʰer-

to cook, bake, fry, roast

7. bʰer-

to plait, weave

bʰeredʰ-, bʰṛdʰo-

to cut; board

bʰereg-

(onomatopoeic: to bark, cry, roar, etc.)

bʰerəǵ-, bʰrēǵ-

to shine; bright, white

bʰereǵʰ-, bʰerǵʰos-

high, noble; barrow, mountain

bʰerəḱ-, bʰrēḱ-

to shine, glitter

1. bʰerem-

to stand out; brim, edge, hem

2. bʰerem-

to hum, buzz, drone

bʰeres-

quick, festinate

bʰ(e)reu- : bʰ(e)rū̆-

to brew, boil, surge, be wild

bʰerǵʰ-

to keep, hide, bury

1. bʰes-

to spread, smear, rub on

2. bʰes-

to blow, breathe

bʰeu-, bʰeu̯ə-, bʰu̯ā-, bʰu̯ē- : bʰō̆u- : bʰū-

to be, exist; grow, prosper

bʰeudʰ-, nasalized bʰu-n-dʰ-

to awaken, be aware

1. bʰeug-

to flee, escape, seek refuge

4. bʰeug-

to enjoy

1.*bʰeu̯g-

escape, get free

2. bʰeug-, bʰeugʰ-

to free, put away

3. bʰeug-, bʰeugʰ-

to bow, flex, bend, crook

bʰidʰ-

pot, vat, cauldron

bʰili-, bʰilo-

good, friendly, harmonious

bʰlaǵ-

to hit, flog, flail

bʰlagʰ-men-

priest, flamen, wizard

bʰlē-

to bleat, weep, howl

bʰlē̆d-, bʰl̥d-

to boil, bubble up; boast, chatter

bʰlegʷ-

to swell, become bloated

2. bʰlei-

to swell, burst, blow up

1. bʰlē̆i- : bʰləi- : bʰlī-

to shine, glitter

bʰləido-s

pale, light

bʰlē̆iǵ-, bʰlīǵ-

to shine, glitter

bʰleiq-

to shine, glitter

bʰlendʰ-

dim, pale, blond, reddish

bʰles-

to shine, glitter

bʰleu-

to bloat, swell, blow up; flow

1. bʰlēu- : bʰləu- : bʰlū-

to shine, glitter

2. bʰlēu- : bʰləu- : bʰlū-

bad, weak, miserable

bʰleu-(k-)

to burn

bʰlē-u̯o-s

a light color (blue, yellow)

bʰleus-

mild, weak

bʰlīǵ- : *bʰlēig-

to hit, strike, inflict

bʰlō̆k-

flock, tow, wool; cloth?

bʰlos-q-

(onomatopoeic: to bark, cry, roar, etc.)

bʰog-

beck, flowing water

bʰō̆gʰ-, or bʰā̆gʰ-

bog, swamp, lowland

bʰōi- : bʰəi- : bʰī-, bʰii̯ə-

to fear, be afraid

bʰok-

to burn?

bʰolo-

mist, smoke, steam?

bʰorgʷo-s

gruff, unfriendly

bʰoso-s

bare, naked

bʰoudʰi-

victory

bʰoukʷos

a buzzing insect

bʰrag-, better bʰrə-g-

to scent, smell

bʰrā́ter-

brother, family member

bʰred(ʰ?)-

to wade, wander

1. bʰreǵ-

to break

2. bʰreǵ-

to stick up

bʰrēi-, bʰrī̆-

to fray, pierce, cut with sharp tool

*bʰremH-{1}

to be restless

bʰren-

to bulge, stick out; edge, brink

bʰrendʰ-

to sprout, swell up

bʰre(n)ḱ-

to err, be ensnared

bʰrenk-, bʰronk-

to bring

bʰren-to-s

deer, horned animal

bʰres-

to burst, break

bʰreu-, bʰreu-d-

to swell, sprout

1. bʰrē̆u-, bʰrū̆-

to break, cut, pierce

2. bʰrēu-, bʰrū-

edge

1.*bʰreu̯H-{1}

bubble, fizz, gush

bʰreu-ḱ-

to strike, throw

1. bʰreu-s-

to swell, sprout

2. bʰreu-s-

to bruise, break to pieces

3. bʰreus-, bʰrū̆s-

to boil, sound, etc.

bʰroisqo-, bʰrisqo-

bitter

1. bʰrū-

brow, eyebrow

2. bʰrū-, bʰrēu-

beam, bridge

bʰrūg-

fruit; to brook, enjoy

bʰrugʰ-no-

twig

bʰerug-, bʰrug-, bʰorg-

throat

bʰudʰ-m(e)n

base, ground, bottom, fundament

bʰū̆ǵo-s, familiar form bʰukko-s

buck, goat

bis-(t)li-

gall

blat-

to chat, prattle

blē-

to bleat

blou-, bʰlou-?, plou-

flea

bol-

bulb, tuber

2b. pel-, pel-en-, pel-t-, pel-u̯-

dust, powder; meal, flour

3b. pel-, pelə-, plē-

to wrap, cover; cloth; fell, pelt

2b. per-, perə-

to fare, ferry, transport, go/carry over

brangʰ-, brongʰ-?

hoarse?

breuq-

to jump

bronk-

to lock, shut in

bu-

lip; kiss, buss

3b. u̯er-, u̯er-b-, and u̯er-bʰ-

to bend, turn, warp

2c. per-, perə-

to sell, impart

3c. u̯er-, u̯(e)r-ed-

to sway, bend down

dā-

fluid; river; to flow

dā : də-, and dāi- : dəi-, dī̆-

to share, divide

dāiu̯ēr, genitive daiu̯rés

brother-in-law

daḱru-

tear (from the eye)

dāu-, dəu-, dū̆-

to burn, injure, torment

dē- : də-, and dēi-, dī-

to tie, bind

de-, do-

I-deictic; here

dēg-

to take, grab, pack?

*dəǵʰ-mó-

slanting

dəǵʰ-mó-s

slanting

?*deh₃u̯-{1}

give

1. dei-, dei̯ə-, dī-, di̯ā-

to shine, glitter; day, sun; god, deity

2. dei̯ə-, di̯ā-, di̯ə-, dī-

to move, spin, swing

deiǵʰ-

to itch, prick; tick

deiḱ-

to teach, show

2.*dei̯k̑-{1}

to throw

1. deḱ-

to take

2. deḱ- : doḱ-, dēḱ-

to tear, rip to pieces

deḱm̥, deḱm̥-t, deḱu-

ten, decade

1. del-

to tell, count, calculate

2. del-

to shake, totter

4. del-

to rain, dribble

5. del-

long

3. del-, dol-, delə-

to split, divide

dem-, demə-

to build, timber; house, domicile

demə-, domə-, domə-

to tame

demel-

worm?

denḱ-

to bite

1. dens-

to learn; mental power

2. dens-

dense

depʰ-

to push, stamp, thrust

derbʰ-

to wind, put together

1. der- : dōr-, der-, or dōr- : dər-

hand span

3. der-, drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu-

to run, trip, tread, tramp

derə-, drā-

to work

der(ep)-

to see?

dergʰ-

to grasp

4. der-, ʰeavy-base derə-, drē-

to cut, skin, split, tear

derḱ-

to look

2. der-, reduplicated der-der-, dr̥dor-, broken reduplication dor-d-, dr̥-d-

(onomatopoeic: to mutter, grumble)

deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-, dreu̯ə- : drū-

firm, solid; tree, wood

des-, dēs-

to find

1. deu-

to sink in, plunge into

3. deu-, deu̯ə-, du̯ā-, dū-

to pass, move forward

deuk-

to tug, pull, drag, tow

2. deu-, or dou- : du-

to worship, venerate; mighty

deup- : kteup-?

(onomotopoeic: dull thud)

2. dʰabʰ-

to fix, suit; proper

1. dʰā̆bʰ-, nasalized dʰamb(ʰ)-

to be speechless, astonished; to dab, be touched, affected

dʰā̆l-

to bloom, be green

dʰanu-, or dʰonu-

(type of tree)

dʰau-

to press, strangle

2. dʰē-

to do, put, place, set

dʰeb-

fat, thick, heavy

dʰebʰ-, dʰebʰ-eu-

to harm, injure

3. dʰē-, dʰə-

to disappear, pass away

dʰegʷʰ-

to burn

?*dʰeh₂g/g̑-{1}

sharpen, hone

dʰē(i)-, also dʰ-ei-?

to suck, suckle

dʰei̯ə- : dʰi̯ā- : dʰī-

to look, see, show

dʰeiǵʰ-

to build, knead clay

dʰēigʷ- : dʰōigʷ- : dʰīgʷ-

to dig, plant, stab, stick

2. dʰel-

to light; shining

3. dʰel-

to tremble

dʰelbʰ-

to dig, delve, bury

1. dʰel-, dʰolo-

curve; dell, hollow

dʰelg-

to stab, stick; needle

dʰelgʰ-, dʰelg-

to hit

dʰembʰ-, dʰm̥bʰ-

to dig

dʰem-, dʰemə-

to blow, fly about like dust

1. dʰen-

to flow, run

2. dʰen-

flat of hand, surface of land, etc.

3. dʰen-

to hit, ding, push, thrust

1. dʰengʰ-

to press, cover

2. dʰengʰ-

to get, grip, reach

dʰerāgʰ-

to drag, pull

dʰerbʰ-, dʰerəbʰ-?

to work

1. dʰer-, dʰerə-

dirt, dreg, some type of deposit

2. dʰer-, dʰerə-

to hold, support

3. dʰer-, dʰereu-, dʰrē̆n-

(onomatopoeic: to drone, growl, purr, etc.)

4. dʰer- : dʰor- : dʰer-

to jump (at)

5. dʰer-, dʰrei-d-

to defecate; dirt

dʰerebʰ-

to harden; coagulated

1. dʰē-, reduplicated dʰē-dʰ(ē)-

older family member (nursery word)

dʰeregʰ-

bushy plants

dʰereǵʰ-, dʰr̥ǵʰ-nā-

to turn, wind

dʰers-

to dare, be bold

dʰēs-, dʰəs-

(used in religious terms)

1. dʰeu-

to flow, run

3. dʰeu-

to shine brightly

dʰeu-b-, dʰeu-p-

deep, hollow

dʰeubʰ-, dʰubʰ-

peg, wedge

4. dʰeu-, dʰeu̯ə-, presumably dʰu̯ē-, compare suffixes dʰu̯ē-k-, dʰu̯ē̆-s-

to blow, dissipate, fly about like dust, etc.

2. dʰeu-, dʰu̯-ēi-

to die, faint, vanish

dʰeu̯es-, dʰu̯ē̆s-, dʰeus-, dʰū̆s-

to blow, dissipate, fly about like dust, etc.

dʰeugʰ-

to milk, press, touch

dʰlas-, or dʰels- : dʰl̥s-

to press, squeeze; squash?

dʰl̥gʰ-

debt, guilt, duty

dʰō-

to sharpen

dʰō[u]- : dʰū-

rope?

dʰrebʰ-

to drub, crush, grind to pieces

dʰreǵ-

to pull

1. dʰregʰ-

to run

2. dʰregʰ-

to hurt, torment

dʰreibʰ-

to drive, push, thrust

dʰreu-

to grind, crumble

1. dʰreugʰ-

to shake, tremble

2. dʰreugʰ-

to harm, deceive

dʰrigʰ-, or dʰreikʰ-

hair, bristle

dʰrono-

multicolored?

dʰu̯en-, dʰun-

to hum, drone

dʰu̯er-, dʰu̯erə-

to harm by trickery/deception

dʰu̯ē̆r-, dʰu̯ō̆r-, dʰur-, dʰu̯r̥-

door

dʰu̯ergʰ- : drugʰ-

crippled, dwarf-like, low in stature

dʰug(ʰ)əter-

daughter

digʰ-

goat

dī̆p-ro-, dī̆p-erā

sacrificial animal

dl̥kú-

sweet, dulcet

dn̥ǵʰū, dn̥ǵʰu̯ā

tongue

dō- : də-, also dō-u- : dəu- : du-

to give, donate

dous-

arm

2d. per-

to bear (a child)

drē- : drə-, extended dr-ē̆m-

to sleep

dreǵʰ-

vexed, displeased, unwilling

du̯ei-

to fear

?*du̯er-{1}

run/walk

3d. u̯er-, u̯er-g-

to turn, wrench

dumb-, dumbʰ-?

tail, penis

du̯ō(u)

two, duo

dus-

bad, foul, evil

ebʰi? : obʰi : bʰi

from, around, (up) to, etc.

ed-

to eat

1. edʰ-

tip, point

2. edʰ-

fence of stakes

3. e-, ei-, i-, fem. ī-

(demonstrative particle: one, this, etc.)

eg-

lack (of something)

eǵ-, eǵ(ʰ)om, eǵō

ego, I (pronoun)

eǵʰero-

(inland) lake

eǵʰi-

hedgehog

eǵʰs, eǵʰz

from, out of, ex-

egnis : ognis

fire

ēǵ-, ōǵ-, əǵ-

to say, speak

eʰem, eʰeu, eʰo

aha! oho! (exclamation)

1. ei-

to go, exit

2. ē̆i

O (vocative particle)

3. ei-

bright; reddish

eibʰ- : oibʰ-, i̯ebʰ-

to copulate

eig-, oig-

to lament, complain

ēik-

to own, possess, be capable

4. ei- : oi-

pole, stake

1. eis-

to move rapidly/violently

2. ei-s-, ei-n-

ice, frost

eḱu̯o-s

horse

2. el-

to lie, recline

ēl-

line, strip

ēlā

awl, bodkin

8. el-, elē̆i-, lē̆i-, olī̆nā

to bend; elbow

6. el-, elə- : lā-, el-eu-(dʰ-)

to go, move, drive

7. el-, elə-, witʰ k-suffix elk-, elək-

hungry; bad?

elg-

poor, needy

elk-, elək-

hungry; bad?

elkos-

boil, abscess

3. el- : ol-

to rot, be moldy

4. el-, ol-

(a noise)

5. el-, ol-

to destroy

1. el-, ol-, el-

red, brown

em-

to take

embʰi-, empi-

bee, gnat, mosquito

1. en

in

2. en-

year

ēn

behold! look here!

1. enebʰ-, embʰ-, ombʰ-, nō̆bʰ-, nēbʰ-?, m̥bʰ-

navel

2. enebʰ- : nebʰ-, embʰ-, m̥bʰ-

wet, damp; cloud, nimbus; water

eneḱ-, neḱ-, enḱ-, n̥ḱ-

to reach, obtain

e-neu̯en, neu̯n̥, enu̯n̥

nine

ē̆neu, ē̆nu

without

engʷ-, n̥gʷḗn

bump, swelling

en(o)mn̥-, (o)nomn̥, nōmn̥

name

eno-, possibly e-no- : ono- : no- : -ne-

that

enos-, or onos-

onus, burden

enq-, onq-

to sigh, groan

ent-, better ant-?

to weave

1. ē̆, ō̆

(particle: he, this, etc.)

2. ē, ō

oh (vocative interjection)

2e. per-

to dare, risk, try; peril, danger

epero-

wild boar

epʰ-

to cook

ēpi-

comrade, companion

epi, opi, pi

at, near, epi-

epop, opop

(onomatopoeic: call of hoopoe bird)

ē̆reb(ʰ)-, ō̆rob(ʰ)-

(dark color, reddish brown)

ereb-, orob-, rōb-

to drill, make holes, hollow out

ered-

to flow away; dampness

er(ə)d-, (er(ə)d-), er(ə)dʰ-

high; to grow

eregʷ(ʰ)o-, erogʷ(ʰ)o-

pea, legume

1. erek-, er[e]gʰ-

tick, mite, louse

2. er(e)k-, rek-, rok-

to tear, cut, split

2. erə-, rē-

to rest, be still

1. erə-, rē-, er(e)-

to row; oar

5. er-, erə-, tʰematic (e)r-ĕ-

loose, crumbly

2. er-, eri-

goat, sheep

4. er-, er-t-, er-u̯-

earth

1. eres-

to stab, pierce

2. ere-s-, ers-, r̥s-, eres-, and rē̆s-, rō̆s-

to flow

1. ereu-

to ask, seek

2. ereu-

to tear, rip up

ergʰ-

to shake, tremble

erkʷ-

to beam, shine; to praise

1. er-, or-

erne, eagle

3. er- : or- : r-

to move, set in motion

ers- : orsos

tail; arse, rump, backside

es-

is, to be

ē̆s-

to sit

es-en-, os-en-

summer, harvest time

ē̆s-r̥(gʷ), genitive es-n-és

blood

esu-s : su-

good, able

et(e)n-

seed, grain

ēter-

intestines

eti

out, beyond, etc.

ētī-

eider (duck)

ēt-mén-

breath

ētro-

quick, swift, hurried

2. eu-

to dress, put on

3. eu-

to feel

4. eu-

(exclamation of joy)

ēudʰ-, ōudʰ-, ūdʰ-

udder

eu̯egʷʰ-

to praise, worship, avow, speak formally

3e. u̯er-, u̯er-ǵʰ-

to turn, press, wring, strangle

1. eu-, euə- : u̯ā-, u̯ə-

to lack, want; empty, vacant

euk-

to accustom oneself, be used to

eus-

to burn

3f. u̯er-, u̯er-k-

to bend, turn, wind

ǵā̆b-

to show, watch out for

gag-, gōg-

something round/lumpy

1. gal-

bald, callow, naked

2. gal-

to call, cry

3. gal-, or gʰal-

to be able

gan(dʰ)-

vessel

gang-

to mock, scorn

ǵā̆r-

to call, cry

garəǵ-

grim, grievous, dreadful

gāu-

to rejoice, be glad

ǵebʰ-

bough, branch, stick

ǵegʰ-, ǵogʰ-

branch, bush; picket

gei-

to bend, turn

geid-

to stab; kittle, tickle

ǵeid-

to suck

geiǵ-

to bite, prick, stab

ǵēi-, ǵī-

to sprout

gē(i)- : gō(i)- : gī-

to cry, sing

ǵeis-

gravel

1. gel-

to curl, form into ball; round

2. gel-, and gʷel-

to glut, devour, envelop

3. gel(ə)-

cool, cold; to keel, freeze

gelebʰ-

to flay, scrape

ǵel-, ǵelə-, ǵlē-, also *gelēi- : ǵ(e)ləi-

bright; to shine, be joyful

gem-

to grasp, grip; be full

ǵembʰ-, ǵm̥bʰ-, ǵombʰos

to bite; tooth

ǵem(e)-

to marry

gen-

to pinch, press together, etc.

genebʰ-, genobʰ-

pin, wooden plug

1. ǵen-, ǵenə-, ǵnē-, ǵnō-

to bear, produce, generate

2. ǵen-, ǵenə-, ǵnē-, ǵnō-

to ken, know, recognize

geng-, gong-

lump

gengʰ-

to turn, weave

2. ǵenu-, fem., ǵenədʰ- : ǵonədʰ-

chin, jaw(bone)

1. ǵenu-, ǵneu-

knee, joint

ǵep(ʰ)-, ǵebʰ-

jaw, jowl, mouth; to eat

2. ger-

(onomatopoeic: to crow, shriek, etc.)

3. ger-

to turn, wind, curl

gerebʰ-

to carve, scratch; write

1. ger-, gere-

to cram, collect, put together

ǵer-, ǵerə-, ǵrē-

to rub; rotten; to age, ripen; grain

4. ger-, grēi-

to grow, awaken

ǵers-

to bend, turn

ǵeu-, ǵeu̯ə-, also geu̯ə-

to hurry, promote

gēu-, gəu-, gū-

to bend, curl; cup, vessel

g(e)u-lo-

glowing coal

ǵeus-

to taste, degust, enjoy

*g/g̑leu̯bʰ-

to cut out, to split

gʰabʰ-

to take, grab, seize

gʰabʰ(o)lo-, masc., gʰabʰ(o)lā fem.

branch, fork

gʰa gʰa, gʰe gʰe, gʰi gʰi

to cackle, gaggle (of geese)

ǵʰāgʷʰ-

young bird/animal

gʰaido-, or ǵʰaido-

goat, kid

gʰais-

to stick, be fixed to

ǵʰaiso-, or ǵʰəiso- : ǵʰēiso-

dart; staff, stick

gʰait-ā

curly/wavy hair

ǵʰalg(ʰ)-

flexible twig

ǵʰal-, ǵʰal-ar-

flaw, defect; harm

ǵʰan-

to yawn

ǵʰan-s-

goose

2. ǵʰasto-

arm, hand

1. ǵʰasto-, ǵʰazdʰo-

pole, rod, gad; twig

ǵʰau-, ǵʰau̯ə-

to call

gʰau̯o-

false

ǵʰðem-, ǵʰðom-, genitive-ablative ǵʰ(ð)m-és

earth, ground, soil, humus

ǵʰði̯és, zero-grade ǵʰðis, simplified to ǵʰðés, ǵʰi̯és, ǵʰés

yesterday

ǵʰðū-, or ǵʰi̯ū-?

fish, ichthyoid

gʰebʰ-el-, gʰebʰ-el-, gʰebʰ-elo-

gable, head

gʰed-

to defecate; hole, opening

gʰedʰ-, gʰodʰ-

to join, unite, gather, make a bond

gʰegʰ-

to bend, curve

ǵ(ʰ)eǵʰ-

ferret (or similar carnivorous mammal)

2. ǵʰē- : gʰə-, and ǵʰēi- : ǵʰī-

to gape, yawn

1. ǵʰē-, ǵʰēi-

to lack, be empty; leave, go out

gʰe-, gʰo-

(enclitic (emphatic?) particle)

gʰeidʰ-

to desire, yearn for

gʰeiǵʰ-

to desire, yearn for

1. ǵʰei-, ǵʰēi-

to goad, drive; to throw, wound

2. ǵʰei- : ǵʰi-

snow; winter

gʰeis-, and ǵʰeiz-d-

shocked, aghast, confused

gʰel-

to yell, call, cry

2. ǵʰel-

to cut?

ǵʰēlā

wine?

1. ǵʰel-, and gʰel-?, also as i-, u-, or n-stem; ǵʰelə-, ǵʰlē-, ǵʰlō-, ǵʰlə-

to shine, glare, glow; gold, yellow, bright color

gʰeldʰ-

to desire, wish for

gʰeləd-

hail, ice

gʰel(ē̆)ǵʰ-

(type of metal)

gʰelǵʰ-

gland

gʰel-ond-, gʰol-n̥d-

stomach, intestines

gʰel-ōu-, gʰelū-

turtle, tortoise

gʰel-tō, Germanic and gʰel-dʰō Slavic

to cost, pay, be worth

gʰelunā

jaw, gill

gʰen-

to grind, crack open, gnaw to pieces

gʰend-, and gʰed-

to get, grasp, seize

gʰendʰ-, gʰondʰ-

boil, abscess

ǵʰengʰ-

to step, stride, march

1. gʰer-

(onomatopoeic: to snarl, rattle, etc.)

2. gʰer-

to rub, stroke hard

1. ǵʰer-

to desire, yearn for

2. ǵʰer-

to gash, slit, scrape, scratch

4. ǵʰer-

to grab, grip, seize

7. ǵʰer-

to stiffen, stand out

3. ǵʰer-, and ǵʰerə-, ǵʰrē-

to beam, shine, shimmer

ǵʰerdʰ-, and gʰerdʰ-

to gird, enclose, encompass

6. ǵʰer-, ǵʰerə- : ǵʰrē-?

short, small

5. ǵʰer-, ǵʰor-nā

bowels

3. gʰer-, gʰrē- : gʰrō- : gʰrə-

to come out, jut out

?*g̑ʰeRH-{1}

to be angry

2. gʰers-

(type of weed, e.g. goat's foot)

ǵʰers-

to stiffen, bristle, stand out

1. gʰers-, gʰres-

horror, disgust, revulsion

gʰerto-

milk, butter

ǵʰerzd(ʰ), genitive ǵʰr̥zd(ʰ)-es, ǵʰerzdā

barley, prickly grain

ǵʰéslo-

thousand, chiliad

ǵʰesor-, ǵʰesr-

hand

ǵʰesto-

arm, hand

1. ǵʰeu-

to gush, pour, found

gʰeub(ʰ)-

to bend, move

gʰeu̯ei̯ā, ǵʰeu̯ei̯ā

pit, hollow

2. ǵʰeu-, ǵʰeu-d-

to die, disappear, get away

gʰeuǵʰ-, gʰū̆ǵʰ-

to conceal, do secretly

ǵʰēu- : ǵʰō(u)- : ǵʰəu-

to gape, yawn

ǵʰlād-

to call, sound

gʰlādʰ-

bright, brilliant

gʰleu-

to be happy, joyful, gleeful

?*g̑ʰneu̯-{1}

to be ashamed

ǵʰō

behind; towards

gʰoilo-s

foaming, turbulent, frothing up

gʰom-

stall

gʰō̆s-

to eat

gʰosti-s

guest, stranger

gʰou̯(ē)-

to gawk, be aware of, pay attention to

gʰou-ro-s

frightened, frightening

gʰous-

to sound, hear

2. gʰrebʰ-

to dig, grub, grave, scratch

1. gʰrebʰ-, gʰerbʰ-, root extension gʰrebʰā-

to grab, grasp

gʰredʰ-

to stride, march

gʰrē- : gʰrō- : gʰrə-

to grow, become green

gʰreib-

to grip, grab

gʰrēi- : gʰrəi- : gʰrī-, and lit. gʰrei-

to smear over

?*g̑ʰrei̯H-{1}

to curl one's lips, to be embarrassed

1. gʰrem-

to rub, scratch

2. gʰrem-

to grumble; resound, thunder

gʰren-

to grind, rub, stroke hard

gʰrendʰ-

beam

1. gʰrēu- : gʰrəu- : gʰrū-

to collapse, fall down

2. gʰrēu- : gʰrəu- : gʰrū-

to crush, rub sharply

gʰroud-

(round body part, e.g. cheek, bosom)

ǵʰu̯el-

to bend, swerve

ǵʰu̯elg-

to glance, look at

ǵʰu̯en-

to sound

ǵʰu̯ē̆r-

wild animal

ǵʰu̯oigʷ-

to shine; star

ǵʰu̯ōkʷ-, ǵʰu̯əkʷ-

to shine, shimmer

g(i̯)eu-, ǵ(i̯)eu-

to chew

glag-, or glak-

milk

gleǵ-

soft, tender

ǵlei-

to attack, run at

gleubʰ-

to cut, cleave, pare, slice

glōgʰ- : gləgʰ-

barb, spike

2. gol-

bough, branch, twig

1. gol-, lengtʰened grade gōl-, reduced grade gol-

to camp, lie down; den (of animals)

gou̯ə-, or gau̯ə-? : gū-

hand; to grab

gō̆u-, gou̯ə-, gū-

to call, cry

gras- : grō̆s-

to gnaw, eat, devour

grēb(ʰ)o-s : grōb(ʰ)o-s

beech or hornbeam (tree)

gred- : grod-

to grate, scratch

grem-

to be damp; to sink

1. greus-

to crush, crumble, crackle

2. greus-

to burn, smolder

greut-

to crush, press; curd

grōd-, grəd-

hail?

gru-

to grunt (of pigs)

geli-, glī-

mouse

ǵ(e)lōu̯-

sister-in-law

ǵu̯er-, ǵu̯erə-

to burn, be hot

3g. u̯er-, u̯er-p-, u̯r-ep-

to turn, wind

gu̯es-, gȗos-, gus-, extended gu̯oz-do-

leaves, branches

gu̯et-

swelling

gu̯ozd(ʰ)o-, gu̯ozd(ʰ)i-

nail, penis

gʷā̆dʰ-

to dive, sink, submerge

gʷā-, gʷem-

to come, go

2. gʷēb(ʰ)-

slimy; frog

1. gʷēbʰ-, or gʷābʰ-?, gʷəbʰ-

to plunge, dive in

gʷedʰ-

to hit, push; harm, injure

1. gʷei-

to cry, weep, complain

2. gʷei-

to enclose, push together

3. gʷei̯-, and gʷei̯ə-

to live, survive

gʷeid(ʰ)-

mud

gʷei̯ə-

to prevail, overpower, be mighty

gʷēi-, or gʷei̯ə- : gʷī-

hide, skin

1. gʷel-

to stab; pain, death, quell

gʷelbʰ-

womb, uterus; young animal

2. gʷel-, gʷelə-, gʷlē-

to flow, drip down; throw

3. gʷel-, gʷel-, gʷlā-

acorn, valonia; oak?

gʷem-

to go, come

gʷē̆nā

wife, queen, woman

4. gʷer(ə)-

to praise, congratulate, raise one's voice

1. gʷer-, gʷerə-

to swallow; craw, gorge, throat

2. gʷer-, gʷerə-, gʷerəu-, gʷerī-

grave, heavy

3. gʷer-, gʷor-

mountain

gʷeru-

pole, spit

gʷes-, zgʷes-

to quench, extinguish

1. gʷet-

resin

2. gʷet-

to speak, talk

gʷʰðei(ə)-

to destroy, perish

gʷʰðer-

to flow, run

gʷʰedʰ-

to ask, beg, wish for

gʷʰeiə- : gʷʰī-

vein, sinew, tendon

*gʷʰēi- : gʷʰəi-, gʷʰəi-d- : gʷʰīd-

bright, shining

gʷʰel-

to want, wish

gʷʰemb-

to hop, spring (happily)

1. gʷʰen-

to swell, abound

2. gʷʰen(-ə)-

to hit, strike, fend

gʷʰer-

warm, hot

?*g(ʷ)ʰer-{1}

to drip

?2.*g(ʷ)ʰes-{1}

laugh

gʷʰrē-

to scent, smell

gʷʰren-

diaphragm; mind, soul

gʷii̯ā, gʷii̯ós

sinew

gʷis-ti-s

finger

gʷīu̯-

resin

gʷl̥tur(os)

vulture

gʷor-gʷ(or)o-

dirt, dung

gʷou-

cow, ox, gaur

gʷōu-, gʷū-

dirt, dung

gʷrebʰ-

young, embryo

gʷreiǵ-

to sleep, dream

gʷrendʰ-

to swell; breast

gʷretso-

big, thick, gross

gʷrēuǵʰ-, gʷrū̆ǵʰ-

to bite, grind one's teeth

ʰā̆

(surprise: ha! oh!)

ʰa ʰa!

(laughter)

*Hedʰ-{1}

to say

*h₂edʰg/g̑ʰ-{1}

press

*h₁egʷʰ-{1}

drink

*h₂eh₁-{1}

to be hot

?*h₂eh₃-{1}

believe, trust

?*h₁ek/k̑-{1}

die

*h₂ens-{1}

procreate, give birth

*h₃erg-{1}

to perish

?*h₁erh₂-{1}

to love

?*h₁erk-{1}

to cut into pieces

*h₂es-{1}

to be satisfied

2.*h₁es-{0}

throw, shoot

?2.*h₂et-{1}

make a hole, stab

*h₁rei̯-{1}

to rise up

*h₂teu̯g/g̑-{1}

Spread terror

*h₂u̯eg-

sting, stab, poke

*h₂u̯ei̯-

run/walk

3ʰ. u̯er-, u̯er-t-

to turn, wind, invert

?*h₂u̯et-{1}

pull, lead

i̯ā-

to go

i̯ag-

to worship, venerate

i̯agʰ-

to hunt, wish for

i̯āi

(demonstrative stem: one, this, etc.)

i̯ā- : i̯ō-

to punish, be angry, excited

i̯ām

(demonstrative stem: one, this, etc.)

i̯ā̆m-, or i̯em- : i̯em- : i̯ōm-

to dig

i̯ebʰ-

to copulate

i̯eg-

ice, icicle

i̯ēgʷā

force, strength

i̯ē- : i̯ə-

to do, throw, project

i̯ek-

to speak

*i̯ek-{1}

speak

i̯ēk- : i̯ək-

to heal

i̯ē̆kʷ-r̥(t-), genitive i̯ekʷ-n-és

liver

iēlo- : i̯əlo-

raw, unripe

i̯em-

to hold, match, defeat, geminate; twin

i̯énəter-, weak case i̯enətr-, i̯n̥̄tr-

sister-in-law

i̯ē-ro-

year, summer

i̯es-

to boil, foam up

i̯et-

to set out, strive for

1. i̯eu-

to mix, mingle (of meal preparation)

3. i̯eu-

young

4. i̯eu-

to separate, hold apart

?2.*i̯eu̯-{1}

(sich) fernhalten; weichen

i̯eu-dʰ-

to fight, move swiftly

i̯euǵ-

to excite, arouse; unsteady

2. i̯eu-, i̯eu̯ə-, i̯eu-g-

to yoke, join, tie together

i̯eu-ni-, or i̯ou-ni-

the right place/way

i̯eu̯o-

grain, esp. barley

i̯eu̯os-

rule, right, justice, statute

īli-

groin, intestines

īl-, īlu-

dirt, mud; black

i̯o-

(relative stem: one, this, etc.)

i̯oi-ni-

reed (bulrush)

i̯ork-

(type of deer)

i̯ou, i̯u

(demonstrative stem: one, this, etc.)

i̯ō[u]s- : i̯ūs-

belt; to gird

1. i̯u-

you (plural)

2. i̯ū̆

yowl (exclamation of joy/wonder)

3i. u̯er-, u̯r-ei-

to clench the teeth; wroth, confused

kā-

to like, wish, desire

kā̆d-

to rob, harm, damage; chase

1. ḱad-

to fall

2. ḱad-

to shine, sparkle

kadʰ-

to guard, cover, protect

ḱād- : ḱədes- : ḱəd-s-

hate, displeasure, uneasiness

kagʰ- : kogʰ-

to sew, plait, etc.

kagʰlo-

chalk, pebble

kaǵo-, masc., kaǵā- fem.

goat

2. kai

and

4. kāi-d-, kāi-t-

bright, shining

1. kai-, kai-u̯o-, kai-u̯elo-

alone

3. kā̆i-, kī̆-

heat

kai-ko-

one-eyed, cyclopean

kaiḱ-, or koiḱ-

to itch, scratch

kai-lo-, kai-lu-

bright; hale, whole, healthy

kais-

hair

kāi-t-

bright, shining

kaito-

chet, woods, forest

kaiu̯r̥-t, kaiu̯n̥-t

cleft, hollow, ravine

kāk-

to croak; cracking sound

1. ḱak-

to become thin

2. ḱā̆k-

branch

kā̆, ke, kom

well! (particle)

kakka-

to cack, defecate (nursery word)

2. ḱak-, ḱek-?

to help, enable

1. ḱāk- : ḱək-, probably ḱā[i]k- : ḱīk-

to jump, spring out

1. kal-

hard, callous; blister

2. kal-, kali-, kalu-

handsome, beautiful; healthy

3. kā̆l-, kō̆l-?

to be captured; prison

kalni-

narrow path/passage

kā̆m-

to like, wish, desire

kamb-

to bend, curve

kam-er-

to bend, curve

kam-p-

to bend

kan-

to sing, chant, sound

kand-, skand-, and Indo-Iranian (s)kend-

to glow, shine; bright, candent

ḱank-

to jump, spring out

kan-tʰo-

curve, angle, corner

kap-

to cop, grab, grasp; have?

kā̆pʰo-, or ḱō̆pʰo-

hoof

kāp-, kəp-

piece of land

kā̆po-

thing in the water

kapro-

he-goat

kap-ut

head

1. kar-

to scold, punish, revile

kār-

wax

2. kar-, karə-

to glorify, praise aloud

3. kar-, reduplicated karkar-

hard

kars-

to rub, scratch

ḱas-, ḱas-no-

gray

ḱās-, ḱəs-

to teach, show the way

1. kat-

to link, plait, weave; chain, net

2. kat-

to bear young; young animal

ḱat-

to fight, struggle; battle

kau-

to humble, discourage

kā̆u(ə)lā : kūlā

boil, abscess, swelling

kāu-, kəu-

to hew, cut, hit

kā̆u-, kē̆u-, kū-

to howl

kau-l-, ku-l-

hole, hollow; bone

kaus-

to draw lots

ḱe-

this

ked-

to smoke

keg-, keng-, and kek-, kenk-

peg, handle, (grappling) hook

kēi-

to move, set in motion

1. ḱei-

to lie, recline; camp, home

2. ḱei-

(dark color: brown, gray)

?2.*k̑ei̯-{1}

fallen [UNKNOWN]

ḱēi-bʰ-

fast, hasty, violent

keid-

to fall

ḱēi-gʰ-

fast, hasty, violent

ḱē(i)- : ḱō(i)- : ḱə(i)-

to hone, whet, sharpen

ḱeip-

to slant, slope; to wag, wave

ḱeipo-, ḱoipo-

peg, stake, sharp wood/stone chip/piece

keis-

arm; thigh, shin

?*k̑ei̯s-{1}

leave behind

keḱ-

weasel

ḱēko-

green grass/fodder

keku-

cudgel, hammer-shaped stick

ḱekʷ-

to defecate; dung, excrement

2. kel-

to stab, stick, sting

5. kel-

to drive, compel, accelerate, move quickly

8. kel-

to cut

9. kel-

to owe, be guilty

10. kel-

to dry out

11. kel-

to bend; crooked

1. ḱel-

cold; warm, caloric

2. ḱel-

to bow, lean, incline

3. ḱel-

thin shaft, stalk

4. ḱel-

to hide, conceal

4. kel-, and kāl-

light and dark spots

ḱelb-, ḱelp-

to help

keleu-

to wander; way, path

kelg-

to wind around; windings, intrigue

1. kel-, kelə-

to project, tower up; hill

3. kel-, kelə-, klā-, extended klād-

to hit, hew, cut down

kēl-, kōl-, kəl-

to deceive, dumbfound, enthrall

7. kel-, kol-, kol-

calix, chalice, goblet, beaker

6. kel-, k(e)lē-, k(e)lā-, or kl̥̄-?

to call, cry

kelp-, kl̥p-

jug, pot, cauldron

1. kem-

to squeeze, hem in, press together

2. kem-

to hum, buzz, croon

2. ḱem-

hornless (normally horned) animal

3. ḱem-

to wrap, cover, conceal

4. ḱem(ə)-

to be/make tired

kemə-, komə-, kmā-

bite, piece

kemero-, komero-, kemero-

(plant name)

1. ḱem-, or ḱam-

horn, pole, stick

1. ken-

to pinch, press, etc.

3. ken-

to begin, be born, come forth anew; young, recent

4. ken-

to strain, strive eagerly

ḱen-

void, empty

*k̑en-{1}

rise

keng-, kenk-

peg, handle, (grappling) hook

1. kenk-

to bind, gird

2. kenk-

to burn, hurt; dry feeling: thirst, hunger

3. kenk-

heel, hock, back of knee

2. ken-, kenə-, keni-, kenu-

to rub, scrape, scratch off; ashes

ḱenk-, ḱonk-

to hang, sway, dangle

ḱens-

to announce, proclaim, speak formally

ḱent-

to stab, stick

kentʰ(o)-

rag, cloth

*k̑ep-{1}

(to) curse, (to) swear

2. ker-

to cut

4. ker-

cherry

7. ker-

to jump, turn

3. ḱer-

rope, string; to plait, weave

6. ker-, and ḱer-

dirty, dark-colored, etc.

4. ḱer-, and ḱerə- : ḱrē-

to harm, injure; ruined, spoiled

ḱerbero-, and kerbero-

checkered, variegated

1. kerd-

to gird

2. kerd-

craft, talent; skilled

ḱerdʰo-, ḱerdʰā

line, row, herd

3. ker(ə)-

to burn

ḱered- : ḱerd-, ḱērd-, ḱr̥d-, ḱred-

heart

ḱerə-, ḱrā-

to cook

kerem-, krem- : krom-, and kerm-

onion or garlic; ash (tree)

kerəp-, krēp-

cloth, leather rag; shoe

1. ḱer-, ḱerə- : ḱrā-, ḱerei-, ḱereu-

horn, head, upper part of body

2. ḱer-, ḱerə-, ḱrē-

to grow, increase

kerḱ- : korḱ- : kr̥ḱ-

to wrinkle, shrivel up

5. ker-?, kō̆r-

to hang

1. ker-, kor-, kr-

(onomatopoeic: hoarse sound)

kerm-

to rest, tire

kerno-

jaw, chin(bone)

ḱē-ro-

colorful (or a color term)

kers-

black, dirty; dark color

1. ḱer(s)-

bristle, stiff hair

2. ḱers-

to run, course

kert-, kerət-, krāt-

to roll, turn, wind

kes-

to comb, itch, scratch

ḱes-

to cut

kē̆t-, kot-

room, dwelling place

2. ḱeu-

to shine, be bright

ḱeub-

thorn

keuəd-, kū̆d-

to cry, shout

keu̯əp- : ku̯ēp-, ku̯əp-, kū̆p-, and occasionally keu̯(e)p-, k(e)u̯ep-

to boil, cook, smoke

ḱēu̯ero-, ḱōu̯ero-, also sḱūro-?

north (wind)

ḱeuk-

to glow, shine, be bright white

2. keu-, keu̯ə-

to bend

1. ḱeu-, ḱeu̯ə- : ḱū-, ḱu̯ā-

to swell

2. ḱēu- : ḱəu-, ḱū-

to burn, light (a fire)

ḱeuḱ-, ḱuḱ-

to whirl, mix together

1. ḱēu- : ḱū-

to sway, totter

1. keu-, skeu-, lengtʰened grade kēu-

to see, hear, observe, hearken, attend to

kʰa kʰa

(laughter)

?*k̑i̯eH-{1}

freeze

?*Ki̯eh₂p-{1}

to rot

kik-

jay (bird)

1. ḱik-

belt, strap, thong

2. ḱī̆k-

to rain, drizzle

ḱiḱer-

pea

ḱīō̆n-, ḱīsō̆n-?

pillar

ḱipʰ-

thin flexible twig/root

kistā

basket, plaited container

klā-

to lade, place, heap up, lay down

klādʰrā

alder (tree)

klau-

to weep

klēg-, klōg-, kləg-, klang-, kleg-, klōg-, kleig-, kleik-

to cry, shout, scream

ḱlei-

to lean, incline, tip (over)

kleiḱ-

to press/squeeze (painfully)

?*k̑lei̯s-{1}

sticking, adhering

klem-, klēm-, klem-

weak, slack, feeble, ailing

kleng-, and klenk-

to bend, wind

kleno-

maple (tree)

klep-

wet, damp

klēp-

to hold in arms and/or lap

ḱlep-, sḱlep-?

to steal, cover, secrete

klēu-, also klĕu-?, and klāu-

hook, crook

1. ḱleu-, ḱleu̯ə- : ḱlū-

to hear, listen

2. ḱleu- : *ḱlō[u]- : ḱlū-

to clean, rinse, swill

ḱlou-ni-

hip, buttock

knei-gʷʰ-, knei-b-

to bow, kneel

?*k̑neth₂-{1}

push, stab

kneug-

(onomatopoeic: to growl, whimper)

knid-, ḱnid-, sknid-

nit, louse

kob-

to fit, fare well, be happy/successful

koi-, ku̯ī-

(creaking noise)

koi-lo-

naked; miserable

ḱoi-no-

grass

kois-

to cure, worry, care for

ḱo-, ḱe-, witʰ tʰe particle ḱe, ḱ(e)i-, ḱ(i)i̯o-

this; here

ko ko, kak(k)-, ku(r)kur-

(onomatopoeic: sound of cock/hen)

koḱsā

body part: foot, coxa, etc.

kol(ē̆)i̯-

glue

kolə- : klō-

to spin

ḱoləmo-s, ḱoləmā

reed, stalk, stem, culm

koli-

young dog/animal

kom

at, by, cum, with, alongside

konəmo-, knāmo-, or kenəmo-

shinbone

ḱonk-

to doubt, vacillate

ḱonkʰo-

conch, clam(shell), mussel

ḱop(ʰ)elo-s, or ḱap(ʰ)elo-s

(type of carp)

kopso-

blackbird

ḱorkā

grit, gravel

ḱormen-

weasel

ḱormno-, ḱr̥mno-

corrosive liquid: lye, wine, urine, etc.

ḱormo-

harm, pain, torment, suffering

koro-s, kori̯o-s

war, army, warrior

kos(e)lo-

hazel (tree)

kost-

leg, bone, costa

ḱrā-

to cook, mix

ḱrā̆po-, ḱrō̆po-?

roof

krāt-

to roll, turn, wind

krā[u]- : krəu- : krū̆-

to heap up, pile together; heap; roof

ḱrē-

to harm, injure; ruined, spoiled

kreb-

(hoarse sound)

ḱrebʰ-, ḱrō̆bʰ-, ḱrembʰ-

to entrust

kred-

beams

ḱred-

heart

2. kreg-

(hoarse sound)

1. kreg-, and kerg-?

to torment

1. krei-

to brush, stroke, touch

ḱrei-

to appear, show forth

2. krei-, kreig-, kreik-

(hoarse sound)

1. krek-

to hit

3. krek-

(hoarse sound)

2. krek-, kr̥k-

roe, fish/frog spawn

4. krē̆k- : krok-

to tower, jut out; beams

ḱre-, ḱrei-, ḱr̥̄-

(hoarse sound)

krem-

onion or garlic; ash (tree)

2. krep-

(hoarse sound)

1. krēp-

firm, strong

2. krēp-

cloth, leather; shoe

1. krep-, kr̥p-

form; corpse, body

1. kret-

to shake

2. kret-

to hit

2. kreu-

to crash, collapse, fall down

4. kreu-

(hoarse sound)

*kreu̯H-{1}

pile up, cover

1. kreu-, kreuə- : krū-, kreus-, krus-

raw flesh, thick/clotting blood; ice, crust

3. kreu-, krou-s-

to push, hit, break

kreup-

scab

kreu-t-, kreu-dʰ-?

to shake, move visibly

kr(o)k-sko-

arm

krom-

lattice, framework, wooden fence, etc.

ḱrūs-

leg, shank, thigh

krū̆t-

breast, belly; vault, protuberance

ḱsā-

to burn

?*k̑sed-{1}

'zerlegen' → 'auftischen' [UNKNOWN]

kseip-, kseib-

to toss, throw

ks-en-, ks-es-, ks-eu-

to comb, itch, scratch

ḱsē̆-ro-

dry, xeric, bright (of weather)

kseubʰ-

to sway, swing, totter

kseud-

to grind, stamp to little pieces

keləu̯o-, keleu̯o-

bald, bare

kemer-

armored animal (crab, turtle, etc.)

kenəkó-

golden, honey-colored

ḱþei-

to settle

kþē(i)-, kþə(i)-

to gain, acquire, possess

ḱū-

sharp, pointed; pike, stake

ku̯ak-

(onomatopoeic: to quack, croak)

ku̯at(ʰ)-

to ferment, become sour

ḱū̆dʰ-

dirt, dung

?*k̑u̯eH-{1}

to throw

2. ḱu̯ei-

to hiss, twitter, whistle, etc.

3. ḱuei-, extended kuei-d-, kuei-s-, kuei-t-

to shine; white

1. ḱu̯ei-, ḱu̯ei-no-

dirt, mud; to defile

ḱu̯ek-, nasalized ḱu̯enk- : ḱuk-

to gape

ḱu̯el-

muddy

ku̯elək-, or kelək-, kolək-

bale, bundle

2. ku̯elp-

to curve, vault

1. ku̯elp-, ku̯elb- : ku̯l̥p/b- : klup/b-

to stumble, buckle at the knees; to trot

ḱu̯en-

to celebrate; saint

ḱu̯endʰ-ro-, -no-

(type of plant)

ku̯erp-, also ku̯erb-

to turn, wind

ḱu̯es-, ḱus-

to pant, puff, sigh, wheeze

ku̯ēt-, ku̯ət- : kū̆t-

to shake, winnow

kuku

(onomatopoeic: to coo, cuckoo)

ku-, kus-

to kiss

ku̯oi-, ku̯ī-

to want, wish for

ḱu̯on-, ḱun-

hound, dog

ḱup-

shoulder

ku̯res-, ku̯ers-, ku̯r̥s-

small wood, trees

kʷalo-s

(big fish)

kʷas-i̯o-, -lo-

basket, plaited work

kʷās- : kʷəs-

to cough

1. kʷe

(enclitic) and

2. kʷe-

(indefinite/interrogative pronoun)

kʷē̆d-, kʷō̆d-

to bore, drill, prick, stab

?2.*k(ʷ)eh₂-{1}

dig

?*k(ʷ)eh₂d-{1}

tear, press

2. kʷei-

to stow, gather, pile up

kʷei̯ə-, kʷii̯ē-

to rest comfortably; quiet, peaceful, tranquil

1. kʷei(-t)-

to observe with respect, pay attention to

kʷeḱ-, kʷōḱ-, kʷeḱ-s-

to see, show, appear

2. kʷel-

far away

3. kʷel-

crowd, herd, swarm

1. kʷel-, kʷelə-

to turn; wheel; neck?

kʷem-

to gulp, sip, swallow

kʷene

(particle: uncertainty, generalization)

kʷentʰ-

to suffer, endure

1. kʷer-

to do, make, form

2. kʷer-

dish, pot

kʷeru-

to chew, grind

?*k(ʷ)et-{1}

escape

kʷetu̯er-, kʷetu̯ō̆r-, kʷetur- (masc.), kʷetes(o)r- (fem.)

four, fourth

?*k(ʷ)h₂ed-{1}

(to) squish, crush

?*k(ʷ)h₂eg̑-{1}

consume

kʷo-, kʷe-, fem. kʷā, kʷei-

(indefinite/interrogative pronoun)

kʷrei-

to buy

?*k(ʷ)RemH-{1}

take a step

kʷr̥mi-

grub, worm, maggot

kʷsep-

dark

kʷþei-

to destroy, perish

2. lā-

to be hidden, covered, latent

1. lā-, and lē-

(onomatopoeic: to bark, howl, etc.)

lab-, and labʰ-, lap(ʰ)-

to lap, lick, smack (the lips), etc.

labʰ-

to grab, hold, seize

lā̆gʰ-

to cut; cutting tool

lāgʷʰ-

to grab, seize

lai-

fat, lard

laidʰ-, lidʰ-

to cut, hurt, injure

lā[i]p-, ləip-, ləp-

to burn, shine

laiu̯o-

(on the) left

lak-

to lap, lick

laḱ-

to spot, sprinkle

laku-

(water in) lake, pond, ditch, etc.

lāmā

swamp, puddle

lāp-

cow

las-

greedy, covetous

lat-

wet, damp; swamp

lāu-

to acquire (as booty), enjoy something

lauk(o)-, ləuk-

jaw; throat

lē-

(onomatopoeic: to bark, howl, etc.)

lē̆b-, lō̆b-, lāb-, leb-

lip; to slump, hang down slackly

1. leg-

to leak, drip, dribble, ooze out

2. leg-

to worry

leǵ-

to gather, collect

legʰ-

to lie, recline, set down

1. lēǵ(ʰ)- : ləǵ(ʰ)-

branch, twig

2. lēǵʰ- : ləǵʰ-

to crawl; low

legʷʰ-

to move easily

2. lei-

to dissipate, disappear; thin, weak

3. lei-

slimy; to slip, glide

4. lē̆i-

to pour

2. lē(i)-

to grant/acquire possession

3. lē(i)-

to weaken, leave behind; feeble

leibʰ-

to smear, stick

leid-

to play, joke

1. leig-, and leik-, better oleig-, oleik-

needy, miserable

leiǵʰ-, sleiǵʰ-

to lick

4. leig-, leiǵ-

to tie, bind, ligate

2. lē̆ig-, līg-

form, appearance; like, similar

3. leig-, loig-

to hop, jump, tremble

1. leik-

to offer for sale

2. leik-

to bend

leikʷ-

to leave, relinquish

1. lē[i]- : ləi-

to want, wish

1. lē̆i-, lek-

to flex, bend

1. leip-

to smear (with fat), stick

2. leip-

to desire, request, wish for

leis-

to furrow; learn

1. leit-

to loathe, detest, abhor; violate

2. leit(ʰ)-

to die, go away

leizd-, loizd-

edge, fringe, hem

1. lēk- : lək-

tendril; trap

2. lēk- : lək-

to lacerate, tear to pieces

1. lek-? : lok-

to blame, scold, reprove

2. lek- : lek-, and lēk- : lək-

joint, leg, body member; to bend, wind

1. lem-

to break, crush to pieces; lame, fragile

2. lem-

astonishment (with the notion of wide open jaws)

1. lendʰ-

spring (of water), wetness

2. lendʰ-

hip, loins; kidney

3. lendʰ-

heath, steppe, open land

leng-

to sway, bend oneself

lengʰ-

to scold, scorn

lenk-

to bend

lento-

lithe, flexible, pliable

1. lep-

(onomatopoeic root)

2. lep-

to flay, peel, skin

3. lep-

rock, stone

lēp-, lōp-, ləp-

flat

lerd-

to twist, shrivel up

lerg-

even, smooth, slippery

les-

to lease, collect, pick up

lēs : ləs-

weak, slack, feeble

leto-, lēti-, lēto-, lōto-

heat, burning, anger

lēto-, ləto-

daytime; summer, warm season

letro-

leather

2. leu-

to free, cut off, separate

1. lēu-

to leave behind

leubʰ-

to love, like, care for

leud-

to lout, bend over, duck down; bent, little, etc.

1. leudʰ-

to grow up; free; people

2. leu-dʰ-

to go, move, drive

*leu̯dʰ-{1}

hinder, impede

1. leug-

to bend

leuǵ-

to break

1. leugʰ-

to lie, belie, prevaricate

2. leugʰ-, lugʰ-

oath

2. leu-g- : lu-g- : lū-g-

blackish; swamp

leuk-

to light, shine; see

2. lēu- : ləu-

stone

1. leu-, *leu̯ə- : lū̆-

dirt

3. lēu-, or lāu-

(onomatopoeic: to bark, howl, etc.)

leup-, and leub-, leubʰ-

to lift, peel, cut/break off, etc.

lēut- : lūt-

angry, raging, wrathful

lī̆-no-

flax, linen

loǵ-

rod, twig

lorgā-, lorgi-

stick, club

lou-, lou̯ə-

to lave, wash

lū̆s, genitive luu̯-ós

louse

1. mā-

to beckon, wave (hand); deceive

2. mā-

timely, opportune

3. mā

ma, mama (nursery words)

mad-

to drip; wet; fat, glossy, well-fed

maǵ-

to knead, press, stroke

maǵʰ-

to fight, struggle

magʰ- : māgʰ-

to help, be able; might, power

magʰos

maiden, young person

1. mai-

to maim, hew, cut with sharp instrument

2. mai-, moi-?

to smudge, stain

mak-

skin, leather bag

1. mā̆k-

wet, damp; to soak

2. māk-

to knead, press

mā̆k(en)-

poppy

makʰ-o-s

bold, wild, frisky, unbridled

māḱ- : məḱ-

long and slender

maḱo-, or moḱ-o-

fly, gnat

mand-

pen/hurdle of plaited rods/twigs

mā-no-, mā-ni-

wet, damp

manu-s, or monu-s

man, human being

marko-

mare, horse

2. mat-

club, hoe, mattock

mātér-

mother

1. matʰ-, or motʰ-

moth, harmful insect

mau-ro-

tired, weak; dark

mazdo-s

mast, pole

1. me-

me (1st pers. sg. oblique pronoun stem)

2. me-

by, with, amidst, around

1. mē-

(prohibitive particle: lest, that not)

1. med-

to mete, allot; medicate, give advice

2. med-

to swell

medʰi-, medʰi̯o-

middle

médʰu

mead, honey

mē̆gʰ-

friendly, well-disposed

meǵ(ʰ)- : meǵ(ʰ)-

big, much, great, major, mega-

1. mei-

to mure, repair, strengthen; pole

2. mei-

to change, mutate, exchange

3. mei-

to go, wander

4. mei-

to tie, bind

meiǵʰ-

to micturate, urinate

meigʰ-, also meik-

to flicker, twinkle; mist

mei-gʷ-

to (ex)change

mei-ḱ-, and mei-ǵ-?

to mix, mash, stir

6. mei-, mei̯u-, min(u)-, mim(ei)-

(onomatopoeic: high thin sound)

5. mei-, mi-neu-

to lessen, diminish; small, minor

7. mēi- : mōi- : mī-

mild, soft

mei-no-

view, opinion, intention

meis-

to flicker, twinkle; mist

1. meit(ʰ)-

place to stay

2. mei-t(ʰ)-

to commute, (ex)change

mek-

(onomatopoeic: to bleat)

2. mel-

to deceive

3. mel-

to hesitate

4. mel-

big, strong

5. mel-

limb; to join

7. mel-

wool, woolen garment

1. mel-, also smel-, melə- : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-, mel-dʰ-, ml-ēi- : mlī̆-, melə-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu- : mlū̆-

to mill, grind; fine, ground

1. meldʰ-

to utter ritual words (to deity)

2. meldʰ-

lightning

melǵʰ-

to swell

mē̆lǵ-, or meləǵ-?

to milk, pluck, wipe off

meli-t, genitive mel-nés

honey

1. melk-

to rub, stroke

2. melk-, melg-

wet

6. mel-, melə-

dark color (black, dirty, etc.)

8. mel-, melə- : mlō-

to appear, come forth

melōdʰ-, molədʰ-, molədʰ-

head; elevation

mēlo-, smēlo-

small animal

mels-

to taste

membʰ-

to reproach

2. mē-, m-e-t-

to mow, reap

3. mē-, m-e-t-

to measure

4. mē-, mō-

big, important

5. mē-, mō-, mə-

to be intent; of strong will

mēmso-, mē(m)s-ro-

meat, flesh

1. men-

to rise, mount, tower

2. men-

to press, step on, tread down

3. men-

to think; mind, spiritual activity

4. men-

to diminish; small

5. men-

to stay, remain, stand still

mendā

flaw, defect, mistake

mendʰ-

to direct attention to; vivacious

mend-, mond-, mn̥d-?

to feed, suck(le); breast

men(e)gʰ-, mon(e)gʰ-, mn̥gʰ-

many, copious, abundant, excessive

men(ə)k-

to knead

meng-

to make pretty, beautiful

mēnōt, genitive mēneses, from wʰicʰ mēnes-, mēns-, mēs-, mēn-

month; moon

2. mentʰ-

to chew, eat

1. mentʰ-, metʰ-

to stir, swirl, mix up

1. mer-

to plait, weave; rope

2. mer-

to flicker, shimmer

merədʰ-, mrādʰ-

to boil, bubble up

mereǵ-

march, edge, border, frontier

meregʰ-

to soak, moisten, drizzle

1. merǵ-

to wipe off

2. merǵ-

to grab, seize

mə-r, genitive mə-n-és, mn̥tós

hand

meri̯o-

young man/woman

merḱ-

to grab, seize

1. merk-, merǵ-, merək-, merəǵ-

to rot

2. merk-, mork-

vexed, sullen

4. mer-, merə-

to die

5. mer-, merə-

to rub, wipe; pack, rob

6. mer-, mer-s-

to anger, bother, disturb, etc.

3. mer-, mor-(u-)

to blacken; dark color, dirt spot

met-

to reap, measure

mēudʰ-, məudʰ-, mūdʰ-

to complain, care about, be intent

1. meug-

to lie in wait, take by surprise; wily

2. meug-, meuk-

to slip, slide; meek

meuḱ-

to tear, slit, scratch

2. meu̯-, meu̯ə-

to move, push away

1. meu-, meu̯ə- : mū̆-

wet, damp; to wash; dirt, mud, mire

meu-s-

to steal

1. mezg-

to dive, plunge, immerse

2. mezg-

to bind, knit, knot, attach

?*mi̯ek̑s-{1}

to settle (at/on/in)

mizdʰó-

fee, pay, meed, reward

*mleu̯h₂-{1}

speak

modʰro-, or madʰro-

blue; madder

mōd- : məd-, or mād- : məd-

to meet, approach

moiso-s, or maiso-s

sheep; hide, pelt, leatherwork

moḱs, Indo-Iranian *moḱsū̆

soon

molko-

pouch, leather bag

mō-, mo-lo-

to strain, trouble oneself

mono-

neck; mane

mori, mōri

mere, sea

mormor-, murmur-

to murmur (dully)

mormo(ro)-

fear, dread, horror

moro-

murrey, mulberry, blackberry

moru̯ī̆-

maur, mire, ant

mo[u]-lo- : mū-lo-

root, plant

mō[u]-ro- : mū-ro-

crazy, stupid

mozǵʰo-s

young cattle

moz-g-o-, moz-g-en-, mos-k-o-

brain

mregʰ-m(n)o-

brain, skull

mreǵʰu-, mr̥ǵʰu-

brief, short

mrk-

more, carrot, edible root

meni-

minnow (or other type of fish)

1. mū̆-

(onomatopoeic: to moo, hum, etc.)

mū̆k-

heap, etc.

2. mū-, mus-

fly, gnat, midge, muscid, mosquito

mūs

mouse; muscle

mut-o-s

trimmed, stunted, circumcised, mutilated

1. nā-

to help, be useful

2. nā-

to be afraid, ashamed

nāgʷʰ-

sober?

nak-

fur, pelt

nana, nena

nana (nursery word: (grand)mother, etc.)

nant-

to dare, risk

nas-

nose

2. nāu- : nəu- : nū-

death; corpse

1. nāus-

boat, ship

n̥dʰos, n̥dʰeri

under

1. nebʰ-

to burst

2. nebʰ-

wet, damp; clouds; water

2. ned-

to roar, sound, bellow

1. ned- : ned-

to net, bind, connect, roll up, twist together

nedo-

reed

neǵʰ-

to bore, pierce, stab, stick

1. neid-

to scold, shame, abuse

2. neid- : nid-

to flow; stream

neigʷ-

to wash

neik-

to winnow (grain)

*nei̯k-{1}

to rise up

nēik- : nīk- : nik-

to rail, fight, assault

1. nei-, neiə- : nī-

to lead

2. nei-, neiə-, nī-

to be moved, excited; to shine

3. nei-, ni-

in

neḱ-

death, dying, necrosis; corpse

nekʷ-(t-), nokʷ-t-s

night

1. nem-

to nim, take, give, count, apportion

2. nem-

to bend

2. ne, nē

that (enclitic particle)

1. nĕ, nē, nei

(negative particle: no, etc.)

3. ne-, nō-, plural nē̆s-, nō̆s-

we

nepōt-

nephew; grandchild

2. ner-

below, under

3. ner-

to penetrate; hiding place, hollow

1. ner(-t)-, aner-, əner-?

vital force; man

nes-

to unite; be concealed

nē-tr-, nə-tr-

snake, adder

1. neu-

to call, praise

2. neu-

to push (someone); to nod

neu-d-

to grasp, make use of

neu-dʰ-

to lust, desire, yearn for

neuk-

dark, unclear, indistinct

neu-ks-, neu-s-

to scent, smell, sniff

neu̯os, neu̯i̯os

new

ni-, nei-

in

niz-do-

nest

no-

that

nogʷ-, nogʷod(ʰ)o-, nogʷ-no-

nude, naked

nogʷo-, or nagʷo-

tree

nokʷ-(t-)

night

nōmn̥

name

nōt-, nət-

rump, nates, backside

n̥si-

black, dirty

n̥si-s

sword

nū̆-

now

1. o

to, with

2. ō

O (vocative particle)

obʰel-

to sweep; multiply

obʰi-

to, from, around, etc.

1. od-

to smell

2. od-

hatred, disgust, odium, aversion

ō̆d(e)go-, or ō̆d(e)gʷo-

stem, stalk

ōg-, əg-

to grow; fruit, berry

oi-

(pronoun stem)

oid-

to swell; strong

oi-no-, oi-u̯o-

(demonstrative particle: one, this, etc.)

oiu̯ā

(vocative particle)

ok-

to consider

oḱtō(u)

eight, octad

ōḱú-s

quick(ly)

okʷ-

to see, ogle; eye

ol-(e-)

to destroy

om-

raw, coarse, bitter

omə-

to suffer; firm up, proceed energetically

om(e)so-s

shoulder

ond-, n̥d-

rock, stone

oner-

dream

ong-, better ang-

coal

ongʷ-

to anoint

ono-, and onə-, also (o)no-d-

to scold, abuse, revile

onogʰ- : ongʰ-, nogʰ-, Celtic n̥gʰ-, ongʰ-li-

claw, (finger/toe) nail

1. op-

to work, perform, operate, bring about

2. op-

to opt, choose, opine, suggest

opi

at, by

orbʰo-

weak, abandoned; slave, orphan

ōr-, ər-

to call, speak, talk, orate

oreu̯-, ereu-

entrails

org-

to hit, kill

orǵʰi-, r̥ǵʰi-

testicle

ort-

vine

*ōs, ōs-i-s, ō̆s-en-, os-k-

ash (tree)

ost(ʰ)-, ost(ʰ)i, ost(ʰ)r̥(g), oblique ost(ʰ)-(e)n-

os, bone

oug-, ou-?

cold

ō(u̯)i̯-om

egg, ovum

óu̯i-s

ewe, sheep

1. ōus- : əus-

os, mouth

2. ōus- : əus- : us-

ear

ozdo-s

branch

ozgʰo-

bud, sprout, twig

pā̆ḱ-, and pā̆ǵ-

to repair, strengthen

pā̆n-

pane, panel, woven fabric

pando-s

crooked

pank-, pang-

to swell

pā- : pə-, and pā-t- : pə-t-

to feed, graze, pasture

pap(p)a

papa (nursery word); food, meal

pā̆r-

to show, be visible

parīkā

concubine

pāsó-s

a relative

pasto-

firm, fast, solid

paus-

to free, let loose

pāuson-, pūson-

(name of a deity)

1. pē̆d-, pō̆d-

to hold; vat, vessel, container

2. pē̆d-, pō̆d-

foot

peg- : pog- : pōg-, pō̆k-s-

hip, side, shoulder

*peH-{1}

to move

?*peHs-{1}

see

pei̯(ə)-, pī̆-

fat; milk

1. peig-, and peik-

colored, speckled

2. peiǵ-, and peiḱ-

to be hostile

?2.*pei̯H-{1}

sing

pei-m(i)-

swift, quick, rapid, nimble

pē(i)-, pī-

to hurt, scold, shame

peisk-, pisk-

fish

1. peis-? : pis-

to grind, trample

2. peis-, speis-

to blow, fizz

2. peḱ-

to fleece; fee, cattle

1. peḱ-, pēḱ-, pōḱ-

to be joyful, make pretty

pekʷ-

to cook

4. pel-

dish, vessel

5. pel-

to earn, sell

6. pel-

gray, dull color; pallor

pelə-, plā-

plane, flat, wide, broad

peli-s-, pel-s-

fell, rock

pelḱ- : polḱ-

to turn, bend

1. pel-, pelə-, plē-

to pour, fill; full, plenary; town?

7. pel-, pol-, plē-, plō̆-

to burn, be warm

pelpo-, or polpo-

woodwork

1. pen-

to feed

penkʷe

five, fifth

2. pen-, pen-ko-

mud, fen, swamp, water; wet

pent-

to go, walk, pad, tread; way, path

2.*per-

equalize, balance

perd-

to fart, break wind (loudly)

1. perg-

pole, stem, trunk

2. perg-

fear; to frighten

1. perḱ-

breast, rib cage

1. perk-, prek-

to fill up

2. perḱ-, preḱ-

spotted, speckled

4. perḱ-, preḱ-, pr̥ḱ-

to request, ask/pray for

2. perk- : pr̥k-

coals, glowing ash

3. perḱ-, pr̥ḱ-

to open, dig out, rip up; furrow

perkʷu-s

oak

1. per-, perə- : prē-, preu-

to spray, sprinkle, drizzle

3. per-, per-g-

to hit, kill

pers-

to spray, sprinkle, drizzle; dust, ashes

persnā, persnī̆-, persno-

heel

pertʰ-

pole, stick

1. pē̆s-

to blow

2. pēs-, nasalized pēns-

dust, sand

3. pes-, pesos

penis

pətḗ(r), genitive pətr-és

father

2. pet-, petə- : ptē-, ptō-, Hellenic ptā-

to fall, tumble down

1. pet-, pet-, petə-

to stretch out (esp. arms)

2. peu-

to repute, explore, understand

3. peu-

foam, froth

peu̯ə-

to rot, stink

peuḱ-, and peuǵ-

to pink, stab, stick

peu̯ōr, pū̆r, genitive pu-n-és, locative puu̯éni

fire

1. peu-, peu̯ə- : pū̆-

to sift, clean, purge, purify

pēu- : pəu- : pū̆-

to hit; sharp

pezd-

to break wind (softly)

pʰel-

to cut, split, tear off; board

pʰer-

to rush, act rashly, push away, etc.

pʰō̆l-

to fall

pʰu-

to blow (up)

pid-

to bear, give birth?

*pi̯eh₂-{1}

to hit

pik(ʰ)o-

knot, lump

pi-lo-

hair, pile, pilus

pi-n-

piece of wood

pī̆p(p)-

to peep, squeak

pīzdā-

vulva

plab-

to babble, prattle, etc.

2. plāk-, plāg-, also plēk-, plēg-

to hit, beat, fling

1. plā-k- : plə-k-, ple-k- : plō̆-k-, plei-k-, and pelə-g- : plā-g- : plə-g-

flat, wide, broad; spread out

plā̆t-, plā̆d-, plē̆t-, plō̆t-, plət-

flat, wide, broad; spread out

plēi-, pləi-, plī-

bald, bare, naked

pləi-, pləu-

to broaden, show off

pleḱ-

to ply, pleach, plait, weave

plēḱ-, pləḱ-, and plēiḱ-, plīḱ-

to flay, peel, rip, tear off

plē-, plə-

to cut, split off

pleu-

to flee, fly, run; flow, swim

pleuk-

floc, hair, feather

pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-ti̯o-

lung

pleus-

to pluck, deplume, pull out; plucked hair/feathers

plouto-, pluto-

(wooden object)

pneu-

to pant, breathe

pn̥ksti-

fist

1. pō(i)- : pəi-? : pī-

to graze, pasture

2. pō(i)- : pī-, and (from pō-), po-

to bib, drink

polo- : pōlo-

big, fat, thick, swollen

porḱo-s

porker, pig(let)

pos

about, around; by, beside; in front of

po-ti

against, opposite, toward

poti-s

host, husband, lord, master, owner

pougo-, or pougʰo-

pure, clear

pōu- : pəu- : pū̆-

few, small, little; young (of animals)

prā-

to bend

prāi-, prəi-, prī-, pri-

to like, feel friendly/well-disposed

preg-

greedy, covetous; willful, violent

prep-

to catch sight of

pret-, prō̆t-

to understand

preu-

to hop, jump

preus-

to burn, freeze

prīs-

to granulate, reduce to small pieces

prō̆-

to pass over/beyond

prōḱto- : prəḱto-

rump, backside

pr̥so-

leek, onion, garlic

pster-, pstereu-

to sneeze

ptel(e)i̯ā

(type of tree, e.g. poplar/popple)

3. pū̆-

to hit; sharp

2. puḱ-

to enclose, press together

1. pū̆k-, peuk-

thick-haired

pu-lo-

(stiff) hair

2. pū̆- : peu̯ə-

to rot, stink

1. pū̆-, peu-, pou-, also pʰu-

to blow (up)

pū-ro-

grain, kernel

rabʰ-, or rebʰ- : rebʰ-

to rage, be furious

rāp-, rēp-

rape (plant), turnip

rā̆s-

to cry, (re)sound

3. rē-

to row; oar

4. rē-

to rest, be still

5. rē-

dark

6. rē-

to cry

1. rebʰ-

to move, hurry about

2. rebʰ-

to roof, thatch

1. rēd-

to excite, cheer up, be joyful

red-, rod-

to flow

2. rēd- : rōd- : rəd-

to gnaw, scrape, scratch

2. rē̆-, extended rē-dʰ-

separate

2. reg-

to see

1. reǵ-

to regulate, make just/right; king, reign

1. reg-, and sreg-?

to dye

2. reǵ-, reḱ-, rek-?

damp; rain

regʷos-

darkness

2.*reh₁-{1}

count, calculate

*reh₁dʰ-{1}

successfully carry out

1. rei-

to cut, reap, rive, tear, scratch

5. rei-

to support

reibʰ-

(onomatopoeic: to resound?)

reid-

to support, lean against

reidʰ-

to ride, go (in vehicle)

rei̯ə-, rī-

to flow, move

*rei̯g̑-{1}

(to) stretch, extend

reig-, or reiǵ-

to rig, tie, bind

reiǵ-, rēiǵ-

to reach, stretch out

reik-

to stretch oneself; pole

3. rei-, rē(i)-

to cry, scream, bellow, etc.

4. rei- : rēi-

thing, possession

rei-r(ēi)-

(onomatopoeic: to quake, tremble)

1. rēi- : rī-

to count, arrange

2. rei-, roi-

spotted, speckled, brightly variegated

2. rēi-, rōi-

nut

rēito-, rēiti-

joint, shoulder (of animals)

1. rek-

to project, tower up; pole

2. rē̆k-

to reck, reckon, arrange, prepare

reḱ-, reǵ-

to bind

reḱþʰ-

to harm, injure

remb-, romb-, romb-

to hack, hoe

rem-, remə-

to rest; to support

rendʰ-

to rend, rip, tear to pieces

rent-

thing?

rep-

to grab, rip out, ravish

1. rēp-, rep-?

to creep, crawl

2. rēp-, rəp-

pole, stake, beam, rafter

1. rē-, rə-, extended rē-dʰ-

to count, compute

rēs-, rōs-

to flow

ret(ʰ)-

to run, roll, rotate

rēt-, rōt-, rət-

pole, rood; stem, stick, trunk

4. reu-

to search

reu-b-, and reu-g-

to belch, eruct, retch, vomit

reudʰ-

red

reu̯ə- : rū-

to ream, open; wide, roomy

reugʰ-m(e)n-

ream, cream?

2. reu-, reu̯ə- : rū̆-

to open, tear out, dig/rip up, etc.

1. reu-, rēu-, rū̆-

(onomatopoeic: to roar, rout, round, etc.)

3. reu-, reu-s-

to hasten

reus-

elm (tree)

reu-smen-

to chew, ruminate; throat, rumen

reuto-, routo-, rut-

stomach, intestines (of an animal)

rezg-

to plait, weave, wind

r̥ksā

fetlock; tether

ŕ̥ḱþo-s

bear (animal)

roi-no-

hill, road

rugʰi̯o-

rye

ruk(k)-, rouk(k)-

yarn; fabric

sāg-

to seek, track, trail

sāi-

pain, illness; sore

saip-

fence, stall, enclosure

sak-

to sacrifice, sanctify, make a treaty

1. sal-

sal, salt; brackish water

2. sal-

gray, dirty, sallow

sā̆lo-

wavy

sāno-s

sane, healthy?

sap-, sab-

to taste, savvy, perceive

sā-, sə-

enough, satiate, sufficient

sasi̯o-

(type of grain)

sā-ti-

satiated

sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl-

Sol, sun

saus-, sus-

sere, dry

se-

self, one's own

sed-

to sit, set, settle

1. seg-

to sow (seed)

2.*seg/g̑-{1}

salves

seǵʰ-, seǵʰi-, seǵʰu-

to possess, hold fast, persevere, overcome; victory

2. seg-, nasalized seng-

to attach, tack on

1. sē(i)-

to sift

sē[i]dʰ- : sī̆dʰ-, and sədʰ-

to aim at, strive for

sē̆ik-, sī̆k-

to grip, reach for

seikʷ-

to spill, pour out

seip-, seib-

to sift, pour out

3. sē(i)-, səi- : sī-, and sei- : si-

to bind, strap, tie

2. sē(i)- : səi- : sī-, sē- : sə-, and sei- : si-

to sow, dispatch, disseminate, let fall

sei-, soi-

to drip, be damp

1. sek-

to run off, dry out (re: water)

2. sē̆k-

to cut, section, dissect

3. sēk-

to abate; lazy, quiet

1. sekʷ-

to segue, follow

2. sekʷ-

to see, notice; show, say, speak

1. sel-

salon, dwelling place

3. sel-

to grab, seize, take

4. sel-

to jump, leap, spring, exult

5. sel-

to creep, crawl

selǵ-

to pour out, set free, send/throw away

selk-

to pull, drag; sulcus, furrow

selos-

sea, lake, swamp

selp-

salve, fat, butter

6. sel-, selə- : slā-

lucky, favorable; luck

2. sel-, su̯el-

sill, beam, board

1. sem-

to draw, pour, scoop

2. sem-

one, some, together

3. sem-

summer

sēmi-

half, semi-

sendʰro-

clotted, coagulated; fluid, melted, etc.

sengʷ-

to sink, sag, fall

sengʷʰ-

to sing

seni-, senu-, seni-, sn̥-ter-

for oneself; sundry, separate

senk-

to singe, burn, dry

sen(o)-

old, senile, senior

sen-, sene-, sen(e)u-, senə-

to prepare, work on

sent-

to send, go, choose direction; to sense

sep-

to honor, care for, concern oneself with

septm̥

seven

1. ser-

to flow, stream

2. ser-

to serve, guard, protect, shelter

4. ser-

to insert, line up, put/bind together

5. ser-, extended serp-

sickle

serk-

to fence; hedge, plaited work

serp-

to creep, crawl

3. ser-, sor-

red

*ses-

rest, sleep

seu̯ə-, sū-

to leave behind?

seug-

sad, sick, grievous, afflicted

?*seu̯h₃-{1}

to be/become full

seu̯i̯o-

(to the) left

2. seu-, seu̯ə-, sū̆-

to bear (a child); son

4. seu-, seu-t-

to seethe, boil

1. seu-, seʷə- : sū-

sop, soup, juice, liquid

3. seu- : su-, seu̯ə- : sū-

to bend, turn

*(s)gʷʰh₂el-{1}

stumble, misstep

si̯ē[u]-ro- : si̯ə-ur(i̯o)-

brother-in-law

si̯ū-, sīu̯-

to sew

skabʰ-, skambʰ-

to support

(s)kāi-

bright, shining

sḱāi-, sḱəi- : sḱī-

to shine/shimmer dully; shadow

(s)kamb-, and (s)kemb-

to bend, curve, hump

(s)kand-, (s)kend-

to glow; bright

sḱed-

to cover

skē̆i-

to cut, skive, exscind, separate

skē̆i-bʰ-, nasalized ski-m-bʰ-

to limp; slanting

(s)kek-, skeg-

to jump, spring, move quickly; shake

1. (s)kel-

to cut, halve

2. (s)kel-

to owe, be guilty

3. (s)kel-

to parch, dessicate, dry out

(s)ḱel-

to jump, spring

4. (s)kel-, extended klā-, klō-

to bend; crooked

(s)ḱem-

deformed, disabled, mutilated; hornless

(s)ken-(d-)

to skin, flay, split off

1.*skend-{1}

(los)springen, to jump (away)

?*sk̑end-{1}

(to) appear

skendʰ-

to dive, plunge

(s)keng-

to hobble; lame, slanted

1. (s)kep-

to hide, cover

2. (s)kē̆p-, (s)kō̆p-, and (s)kā̆p-, (s)kē̆b(ʰ)-, skob(ʰ)-, and skā̆b(ʰ)-

to cut, shave, split with sharp tool

1. (s)ker-

to shrink, dry out, wrinkle up; dry, thin

3. (s)ker-

to bend, curve, turn

5. (s)ker-

(onomatopoeic: hoarse sound)

(s)kerb(ʰ)-, (s)kreb(ʰ)-, nasalized (s)kremb-

to curve, turn

sḱer-(d-)

to defecate; dung, excrement

?*sk̑erd-{1}

to eject

(s)ker-dʰ-, (s)kor-dʰ-

small, pitiful, miserable

2. (s)ker-, skerə- : skrē-

to jump

4. (s)ker-, (s)kerə-, (s)krē-

to cut, shear, score, scribe

(s)kert-s-

across, straight along

skētʰ-, skətʰ-

to scold, scathe, injure, damage

skēt- : skət-

to jump, spring

1. (s)keu-

to perform, carry out

4. (s)keu-

to notice, observe, pay attention to

5. skē̆u-

to push, shoot, throw

sḱē̆u-

to push, shoot, throw

skeub-, skeubʰ-, skeug-

to shove, move, shoot, throw

1. skeud-

to grumble, protest; unwilling

2. (s)keud-

to shoot, throw

3. skē̆u-, ksē̆u-

to sneeze

(s)keup-, skeub(ʰ)-

sheaf, bunch, flock, etc.

2. (s)keu-, (s)keu̯ə : (s)kū-

to hide, wrap, cover

6. skēu(-t)-

to cut, scratch, separate

(s)keut-, (s)keudʰ-

to shrink, shrivel up

(s)k(ʰ)ai-, (s)k(ʰ)ai-d-, (s)k(ʰ)ai-t-

to cuff, kick

(s)k(ʰ)ed-, (s)k(ʰ)e-n-d-

to crush, shatter, split to pieces

skʰel-

to stumble

sk(ʰ)u̯oi̯-, sk(ʰ)u̯i(i̯)-

thorn, needle

sḱlēk-, sḱlək-

to spray, sprinkle; wet

skordʰo-

pan, vessel; potsherd

skot-

shade, shadow, darkness

sku̯erb(ʰ)-

to pierce, stick (of thorns)

(s)kū̆t-

to shake, shudder

(s)kʷalo-s

(type of large fish, e.g. whale)

5. (s)kʷel-, (s)kel-

to call, resound

(s)kʷer-

to do, make

(s)lā̆gʷ-

to grab, latch, seize

slak-

to hit, hammer

(s)leb-, (s)lob-, (s)lep-, (s)lop-

lip; to hang down slackly

(s)lēg- : (s)ləg-, and (s)leg-

weak, feeble, languid

slēgʷ-

to oppress, maltreat, mishandle

(s)leib-

to slip; slimy

(s)leidʰ-

to slide; slippery

(s)leig-

to hack, hit

slenk-, sleng-

to turn, wind; creep, slink

sler-

chasm

(s)leu-

slack, feeble, loosely hanging

sleub(ʰ)-

to slide, slip

(s)leug-, (s)leuk-

to swallow

(s)leuǵ-, (s)leuḱ-

to slide, slip

(s)leup-, (s)leub(ʰ)-

to hang slackly

(s)lī- : sləi-, or slōi-, slī-u̯o-

livid, bluish

slougo-, slougā- (fem.)

help, service

(s)lr̥g-, and sler-

(onomatopoeic: to swallow)

smeg(ʰ)-

to smack, taste

3. smēi-, smeid-, smēig-, smēik-

to rub, smear

2. smēi- : sməi- : smī̆-

to carve, work with sharp tool

1. (s)mei-, smeu-

to smile

smeit-, smit-

to throw

smek-

beard, chin

1. smel-

to smolder, burn slowly

2. smel-

gray

(s)mer-

to mourn, remember, think of, care for

smerd-, smord-

to stink

smeru-

fat, grease, smear

sme, smā̆

really, truly (emphatic particle)

smē-, smeī-, sm-ei-

to rub, smear

smeu-

to laugh, smile

(s)meukʰ-, (s)meug-, (s)meugʰ-

to smoke; smoke

smog-

heavy, burdensome

(s)nadʰ-

to cut, slice

snā-, snə-(t-), snāu-, sn-eu-, sn-et-

to flow, swim; damp

(s)nē-, and (s)nēi-

to spin, twist threads together

(s)nēbʰ-ri-, (s)nōbʰ-ri-

thin, narrow

sneig-

to crawl, snake

sneigʷʰ-

to snow; snow

sneit-

to cut

snēp-, snōp-, snəp-

to gather in sheaves/bundles; twist into rope

2. (s)ner-

to turn, wind, etc.

(s)nerb-

to cut?

1. (s)ner-, (s)nur-

to snarl, growl

sneu-

to flow, swim; damp

sneubʰ-

to woo, marry

1. sneud(ʰ)-

to drowse, slumber; drowsy, sleepy

2. sneudʰ-

fog, mist

snēu- : snū-, and snĕu-

to turn, bind, attach; band, sinew

snusós

daughter-in-law

soi-to-

magic

solo-, sol(e)u̯o-

whole, well-kept, salubrious

so(s), sā

(nom. sg. demonstrative stem: he, she)

sō[u]rā : sōrā

calf (of leg)

spako-

point; small drop

speǵ-, or spō̆ǵ-

to watch sharply, be attentive

speḱ-

to watch, inspect, spy on

(s)pel-

to speak aloud, tell with emphasis

?*(s)pelt-{1}

split; divide

1. (s)pen(-d)-

to pull, spin

spend-

to offer a libation

speno-, stē̆no-, p(ə)stē̆no-

teat, breast, nipple

2. *(s)pen-, (s)pon-, (s)pondʰo-

wooden pail

1. (s)per-

pole, spar, rafter

3. sper-

to turn, wind

2. sper(-g)-

(type of bird, esp. sparrow)

sperǵʰ-, spreǵʰ-, nasalized sprenǵʰ-

to rush, hurry, spring, jump

1. (s)p(ʰ)ē̆i- : (s)p(ʰ)ī̆-

sharp/pointed stick: spile, spit, etc.

2. sp(ʰ)ei : sp(ʰ)ī̆, and sp(ʰ)ē : sp(ʰ)ə-

to pull, drag

3. sp(ʰ)ē(i)-, spī-, and spʰē- : spʰə-

to fatten, prosper, succeed, etc.

1. (s)p(ʰ)el-

to cut, split, spall, tear off; board

2. (s)p(ʰ)el-

to shine, glitter

(s)p(ʰ)elg-

to split, splinter

sp(ʰ)elǵʰ(en), splenǵʰ-, splē̆ǵʰ-

milt; spleen

sp(ʰ)e(n)d-

to shake, quiver

sp(ʰ)eng-

to shine, glitter

3. sp(ʰ)er-

balls of goat/sheep excrement

sp(ʰ)erd(ʰ)-, (s)p(ʰ)red(ʰ)-, nasalized sp(ʰ)rend(ʰ)-

to rush, sprint, spring; running

*(s)p(ʰ)ereg-, (s)p(ʰ)erəg-, (s)p(ʰ)rēg-, nasalized spreng-

to rush, hurry; strew, sprinkle, disperse

1. sp(ʰ)er-, sp(ʰ)erə-

to rush, push away, act rashly, etc.

4. (s)p(ʰ)er-, (s)p(ʰ)erəg-

to rip, tear; rag, snippet

2. (s)p(ʰ)er-, sprei-, spreu-

to sow, strew, spread, scatter, sprinkle

sp(ʰ)ē-, sp(ʰ)ə-(dʰ-)

long flat piece of wood

(s)p(ʰ)eu-d-

to press, hurry

(s)p(ʰ)i̯ēu- : (s)pi̯ū-, (s)pīu̯-

to spit, spew, sputter

sp(ʰ)reig-

to teem, abound, overflow

(s)pī̆ko-

woodpecker (or other large bird)

(s)pingo-

finch, sparrow

(s)plei-

to cut, split

(s)pleiǵʰ-

to splay (legs)

(s)poimno-

foam, spume, spray

sprei-, spreu-

to sow, strew, scatter

srakʷ-to-

sharp-edged

srebʰ-, sr̥bʰ-, and serbʰ-

to sip, slurp, swallow

sr-edʰ-, sr-et-

to boil, spout, whirl

(s)reigʰ-

to creep, climb, clamber

srenk-

to snore

srēno-

body part (e.g. hip, loins)

sresk-

to drip, drizzle

sreu-

to stream, flow

sreup-

dirty, scabby

srīg-, srīgos-

cold, frost

srō̆mo-

lame

stag-

to drip, drizzle, trickle

(s)tāi-

to steal, do secretly

stāi-, stī̆-, sti̯-ā-

to condense, press together; stiff; stone

stāk-, stek-

to place, stand

stā- : stə-

to stand

steb(ʰ)-, and stēb(ʰ)- : stəbʰ-, nasalized stemb(ʰ)-, step-, also stēp-?, nasalized stemp-, nominal stəbʰo-s, stemb(ʰ)ro-s, stomb(ʰ)o-s

stump, post, pillar; to support, etc.

1. (s)teg-

to deck, thatch, cover; house, roof

2. (s)teg-

stake, pole, beam

stegʰ-, nasalized stengʰ-

stick, stalk, stang, etc.

?*(s)tegʷʰ-{1}

to crown, to encircle

(s)tei-

sharp, pointed; spike, style, stylus

stē̆ib(ʰ)-, stī̆b(ʰ)-, stē̆ip-, stī̆p-

stick, pole, stake; stiff

(s)teig-

to stick, prick; sharp

steigʰ-

to climb, ascend; stride, march

(s)teigʷ-

arm, shoulder; thigh, hip

(s)teigʷʰ-

to endure, wait patiently

1. (s)tel-

to urinate, let flow

3. stel-

to put, place

?*stelg/g̑-{1}

smooth out

2. stel-, stelə-

to dilate, broaden, stretch out; broad

stem-

to push, thrust; stumble, stutter

1. (s)ten-

to drone, groan, thunder, etc.

2. sten-

to narrow, hem in

2. stē̆r-

star

3. ster-

to rob, steal

6. ster-

barren, sterile, unfruitful

8. (s)ter-

dung, stercory, dirty water; to rot, befoul

4. ster-, also sterə- : strē-, strei-, streu-

line, streak, strip, stripe

sterg-, sterk-

to care for, pay careful attention to

7. (s)ter-n-

thorn, prickly stalk

1. (s)ter-, (s)terə- : (s)trē-

stark, stiff, solid, rigid, etc.

5. ster-, sterə- : strē-, steru- : streu-

to strew, scatter, spread out

1. (s)teu-

to hit, push, thrust

2. steu-

to praise (aloud)

steu̯ə-

to coagulate, become dense/thick

stilp-, stilb-

to shine; to look, show

stomen-

mouth, stoma

storos, stornos, str̥nos?

starling, songbird

1. streig-

to halt, pause, falter, be(come) stuck

2. streig-

taut, stiff, strict; to twist; rope

3. (s)treig-, streid(ʰ)-

to hiss

strenk-, streng-

tight, cramped; cord, string

(s)trep-, (s)treb-

to cry, make wild noises

stru-

gray-haired, old (man)

su̯ād-

sweet; to enjoy something

su̯ard-

to laugh

su̯ē̆(i)-

to bend, turn, swing, swivel

1. su̯eid-

to shine, glisten

2. su̯eid-

to sweat, perspire; sweat

su̯ēid-

milk

su̯ei-, su̯i-

to pipe, whistle, sibilate

su̯ek-

to smell (good)

su̯ekrū́-

husband's mother

su̯eḱs, seḱs, kseḱs, ksu̯eḱs, u̯eḱs : uḱs

six

s(u̯)ekʷo-s

sap, pitch, resin

2. su̯el-

to burn, smolder, swelter

4. su̯el-

beam, board

?*su̯elH-{1}

to swell

1. su̯el(-k)-

to eat, drink, swill, swallow

su̯e-lo-, su̯elii̯o(n)-

brother-in-law

su̯elplo-s

sulphur

3. su̯el-, su̯ol-, sul-

sole of foot; ground

su̯em-

to swim, move

su̯en-

to sound, resound

(s)u̯endʰ-

to dwindle, disappear

su̯eng-, su̯enk- : su̯eg-, su̯ek-

to bend, swing, swag

su̯enk-, sunk-

heavy; pregnant

su̯ento-, sunto-

sound, active, healthy, vigorous

1. su̯ep-, sup-

to sleep

2. su̯ep-, sup-, su̯eb-

to throw

2. su̯er-

to buzz, hiss

3. su̯er-

stake

4. su̯er-

to cut, prick, pierce

5. su̯er-

heavy

1. su̯er-, also ser-?

to speak, swear, answer

su̯erbʰ-, also su̯er-?

to turn, sweep, swerve

su̯ergʰ-

to be ill; to sorrow, care for

su̯esor-

sister

su̯ī-

to fade, dwindle, become silent

su̯omb(ʰ)o-s

porous, spongy, swampy

su̯ordo-s

black, swarthy; dark/dirty color

sū-ro-, sou-ro-

sour, bitter, salty; cheese

1. sūs-

to whistle (of wind)

2. sūs-

parent, creator, producer

sū̆-s, suu̯-ós

pig, sow, swine

su-, sū-

good, well

tād-

to act purposefully

tāg-

to tidy up

tag-, or teg- : tog- : teg-

to grip, seize, touch

tak-, takē(i)-

to be tacit, silent

tāl-

to grow, turn green; plant, young sprout

1. tap-

to dip

2. tap-

to press down/together

tata-, and similarly tē̆ta-

daddy (nursery word)

tā-, tə-, tāi-, təi-, tī̆-; [tāu-], təu-, tū̆-

to thaw, melt, decay, dissipate

taus-

calm, still, silent, peaceful

teg-

to cover

tēg-, təg-

to burn

tegu-

thick, fat

tei-

sharp, pointed; spike

teig-

to prick, stick; sharp

teigʷ-

arm, shoulder; thigh, hip

1. tek-

to bear, produce

2. tek-

to reach, stretch out (hand) for

3. tek-

to plait, weave

teḱþ-

to plait

tekʷ-

to flow, run

3. tel-

to be calm/still

4. tel-

to urinate, let flow

teleǵʰ-

to hit

telek-

to hit, push

telp-

to have room; spacious

2. tel-, telə-, telu-

flat (board, ground)

1. tel-, telə-, tlē(i)-, tlā-

to bear, carry; weigh, lift up

2. tem-

stunned, confused

*tem-{1}

reach

tem(ə)-

dark

temp-

to span, stretch, extend

1. tem-, tend-

to cut

2. ten-

to drone, groan, thunder, etc.

tend-

to cut

tenəgos, tenəgos

ground (under water)

1. teng-

to dunk, soak, wet

2. teng-

to feel, think

tengʰ-

to span, extend; pull, stretch

1. tenk-

to span, extend; pull, stretch

2. tenk-

to clot, thicken, contract; tight, solid

tens-

to span, stretch, extend

1. ten-, tend-

to span, stretch, extend

tenu-s, tenu-s

thin

tep-

to be warm, tepid

?2.*tep-{1}

smear; stick

1. ter-

to quiver, tremble

5. ter-

through, over, etc.

6. ter-

(boring/gnawing insect)

terd-, tred-

to bore, drill through

tergʷ-

to warn, threaten; fright, horror

terk-, trek-, tork-, trok-

to torque, turn

terp-, trep-

to enjoy, satisfy oneself

ters-

to toast, dry; thirst

3. ter-, terə-, and teri-, trēi-, trī-, also teru- : treu-

to bore, drill, rub, thresh

7. ter-, terə-, terbʰ-, terd-, terg-, terp-

stiff, rigid, solid, etc.

4. ter-, terə- : tr̥̄-, trā-, teru-

to cross, get over, etc.

2. ter-, teru-

weak, feeble, tender, fragile

tet(e)r-

(onomatopoeic: to quack)

2. teu-

to notice, observe, listen to

teu̯ə-, tu̯ā-

to sift

teuk-

germ, seed, sprout, offspring

teup-

to crouch down, conceal oneself

teus-

to empty

1. teu-, teud-, teug-, teuk-, teup-

to hit, push, thrust

tēu-, təu-, teu̯ə-, tu̯ō-, tū̆-

to swell, intumesce

ti̯egʷ-

to retreat, step back in fear; shy

ti-ti-, (ti)til-

(onomatopoeic: chirping of small bird)

*tk/k̑en-{1}

to deliver a blow, to injure

2. to-

(prefix)

tolkʷ-

to speak

2. tong-

to touch, grip, seize

1. tong-, *teng-

to think, feel

top-

to reach, stay; place

tor-, toro-s

loud, distinct, audible

1. to-, tā-, ti̯o-

that, him (neut. or non-nom. demonstrative stem)

trāgʰ-, trō̆gʰ-, and trē̆gʰ-

to drag, train, pull, move

trē̆b-, trōb-, treb-, or trəb-, tr̥b-

building, dwelling

treg-

to make an effort, use all one's strength; battle, force; solid

trei-

three, trio

treig-

to hiss

treisti-, or trīsti-

sulky, moody, stubborn

trek-

to pull, run

trem-, trems-

to shake, tremble; to stomp, trample

1. trenk-

to throng, push, press together

2. trenk-

to wash, bathe, cleanse

1. trep-

to trip, tread, trample

2. trep-

to bow the head, turn away in shame

3. trep-, treb-

to cry, make wild noises

*tres-

(tremble) from fear

tres-, ters-, *teres-

to quiver, tremble

trē̆u-

to prosper

tr-eu-d-

to thrust, push, press, squash

?*treu̯g-{1}

to become dry

trii̯əto-, trīto-

sea; wet, watery

tris-

vine; stem, stalk

trozdos- : tr̥zdos-

thrush, blackbird

trū̆des-

scratchy; leprosy?

truḱ-

to cut

trus-

reed

tū̆

thou, you

2. tu̯ak-

to bathe

tu̯akos

skin

1. tu̯ā̆k-, tuk-

to bind, close up, pull together

1. tu̯ē̆i-

to hack, hew, cut down, hit sharply

2. tu̯ei-, extended tu̯ei-s-

to shake, excite, move back and forth, shimmer

*tu̯ek-{1}

be visible

tu̯en-

to hit, push, thrust

tu̯enǵʰ-

to twinge, oppress, constrain, close in

tu̯erḱ-

to cut

1. tu̯er- : tur-, and tu̯r̥-

to twirl, turn

2. tu̯er- : tur-, tu̯erə-

to grab, hold

tu̯ī̆bʰ-

hollow

tū-lo-

slow, lazy, sluggish; boring

tu̯ō[u]- : tu̯əu- : tū-l-

pipe, tube

tu, tutu

(onomatopoeic: chirping of bird)

1. u-

(onomatopoeic: owl's hoot, etc.)

2. u-

ooh! (interjection of pain)

2. u̯ā-

(to pull) apart

u̯āb-

to call, cry, weep, lament

u̯adʰ-

pledge

u̯ādʰ-, u̯ədʰ-

to go, wade, stride, march

1. u̯ā̆g-

sheath, cover, hollow lid

2. u̯ā̆g-

to cry, shriek

u̯ā̆gʰ-, suā̆gʰ-

to cry, shriek, sough

u̯ai

woe; wolf

u̯ā̆i-, u̯ī-

weak, miserable

u̯ā̆kā

cow

u̯al-, u̯al-d(ʰ)-

to prevail, be strong

u̯anḱ-

beam

1. u̯ap-

to chatter

2. u̯ap-, ū̆p-

to call, cry

u̯āsto-s

to lack; empty

2. u̯ā̆t-

to bend, curve

1. u̯āt-, better u̯ōt-

wood, vatic, mentally animated

1. u̯ā-, u̯ō-, u̯ə-

to hit, wound

u̯azdʰ-, better u̯ozdʰ-

long, wide

ub-

to drag, press down

ū̆d-

out, away, up(wards)

udero-, u̯ēdero-

belly, uterus

1. u̯ebʰ-

to plait, weave, waver, move back and forth

2. u̯ebʰ-

to roam, swarm, wander

u̯ed-

to lead

1. u̯edʰ-

to hit, push

3. u̯edʰ-

to tie, bind, attach

2. u̯edʰ-, before nasals u̯ed-

to lead

u̯eg-

to bind, weave

u̯eǵ-

fresh, strong

u̯eǵʰ-

to move, drive, carry, convey

u̯əg- : u̯āg-

bent, curved

u̯egʷ- : ū̆gʷ-, ukʷs-

damp, moist; to wet, sprinkle, irrigate; ox

*u̯eh₂-{1}

turn, turn oneself

?*u̯eHg̑ʰ-{1}

acknowledge, respect

u̯eib-

to sway, turn

1. u̯eid-

to bend, turn

2. u̯(e)id-

to vide, see, wit, know

u̯eidʰ-, u̯idʰ-

to divide, separate; widow

1. u̯eik-

to choose, filter, sort out

2. u̯eik-

force, energy (in battle, victory, etc.)

3. u̯eik-

to happen, become equal, come together

4. u̯eik-, u̯eig-, extended form of u̯ei-

to bend, curve; exchange, pass around

u̯eiḱ-, u̯iḱ-, u̯oiḱo-

house, village, settlement

u̯eip-, u̯eib-

to turn, whip, sway, vibrate

1. u̯eis-

to grow, sprout

2. u̯eis-

to bend, turn

3. u̯eis-

to flow (away); ooze, virus, poison

?3.*u̯ei̯s-{1}

execute, accomplish

1. u̯ei-, u̯ei̯ə- : u̯ī̆-

to bend, turn, wind

2. u̯ei-, u̯ei̯ə- : u̯ī̆-

to wizen, wither

3. u̯ei-, u̯eiə- : u̯ī-

to wish, pursue, go for, reach towards; strong, violent

u̯eḱ-

to want, wish

u̯ek-ti-

whit, thing

u̯ək- : *u̯āk-

bent

u̯ek-, u̯e-n-k-

to bend

u̯ekʷ-

to voice, speak, evoke

1. u̯el-

to see

3. u̯el-

to crowd, press, push

6. u̯el-

warm

8. u̯el-

to steal; to wound, tear, avulse

*u̯elh₁bʰ-{1}

confuse (through puzzles)

1. u̯elk-

to pull, drag

2. u̯elk-, u̯elg-

wet, damp

4. u̯el-, u̯elə-

wool, hair; grass, wold, forest

5. u̯el-, u̯elə-

to deceive

7. u̯el-, u̯elə-, u̯lē-

to turn, wind; round, voluble

2. u̯el-, u̯lei-, u̯lē(i)-

to will, want, wish, choose

u̯em-, u̯emə-

to spit, spew, wamble, vomit

u̯en-

to hit, wound

2. u̯en-

to hit, wound

1. u̯endʰ-

to turn, wind, wend

2. u̯endʰ-

to wane, disappear

3. u̯endʰ-

hair, beard

u̯e-n-g-

bent

u̯e-n-gʰ-

bent

?*u̯enh₁-{1}

set, place, lay

u̯e-n-k-

bent

?*u̯enT-{1}

to sleep over

1. u̯en-, u̯enə-

to love, venerate, strive/wish for

2. u̯ep-

to strew, throw out

u̯ēp- : u̯əp-

to blow; to soar

1. *u̯ep- : u̯ō̆p- : up-

water

2. u̯er-

highland, raised place; high, top

3. u̯er-

to bend, turn, wrap

4. u̯er-

to find, take

5. u̯er-

to shut, close, cover; guard, warn, save

6. u̯er-

to speak, talk formally

7. u̯er-

to root, open, tear up

8. u̯er-

to notice, observe, attend, be aware

10. u̯er-

to flow; wet; water, river, etc.

12. u̯er-

to burn

13. u̯er-

squirrel, weasel, etc.

?2.*u̯er-{1}

run/walk

u̯(e)rād-, u̯erəd-, u̯rəd-

root, branch, twig

1. u̯er-, also su̯er-

to bind, attach; strive

u̯erdʰ-, u̯redʰ-

to grow; high

u̯er-g-, u̯er-ǵʰ-, u̯er-k-

to bend, turn

3. u̯erǵ-, u̯orǵ-

to abound, be very strong; to swarm, swell

1. u̯erǵ-, u̯reǵ-

to (en)close, shut off; pen

2. u̯erǵ-, u̯reǵ-

to do, work, be effective

u̯ers-

to drag along the ground

u̯er-(e)nā

alder, poplar

11. u̯er-, u̯erə-

to show friendship; true, very, veracious, trustworthy

9. u̯er- : u̯eru-s

wide, broad

1. u̯es-

to live, stay overnight

2. u̯es-

to feast

3. u̯es-

to ooze, dampen; wet

4. u̯es-

to stick, stab, pierce

5. u̯es-

to dress, clothe, wear

6. u̯ē̆s-

you (plural)

7. u̯es-

to turn, wind, wrap

8. u̯es-

to buy, sell, exchange

9. u̯es-

to shine

u̯es-no-

price

u̯esperos, u̯ekeros

vesper, evening

u̯es-r̥

spring

u̯ē̆su-

good

u̯et-

year

*u̯eth₂-{1}

to say

3. u̯ē-, u̯ə-

to blow

2. u̯e-, u̯edʰ-

to weave

1. u̯ē̆-, u̯ei-

we two (dual), we (plural)

5. u̯e-, u̯o-

other; that (one)

4. u̯e-, u̯o-, u̯es-

from, away, downward

1. u̯ī̆-

apart, separate from, in two; both

u̯idʰu-

tree, wood

u̯i̯etʰ-, u̯itʰ-

to shake

u̯ī-ḱm̥t-ī

twenty

u̯ī̆ks-

mistletoe, tree with sticky(?) sap

u̯inǵ-, and u̯eiǵ-, u̯iǵ-?

elm (tree)

u̯ī̆ro-s

man, warrior

2. u̯ī̆-, u̯oi-

(onomatopoeic root)

ul-

(onomatopoeic: to howl, ululate)

*u̯lei̯kʷ-{1}

moisten

u̯lek-, u̯l̥k-

to light, shine; fiery

u̯l̥kʷos

wolf, lobo

u̯l̥p-, lup-

(carnivorous animal, esp. fox, wolf, etc.)

u̯obʰsā

wasp

u̯ogʷʰni-s, u̯ogʷʰnes-

plowshare

u̯okso-

wax

u̯ōro-

madness; dizziness, weariness

u̯ortoko-

quail

upér, upéri

over, above

upo, up, eup, (e)up-s-

under, (from) below, etc.

1. u̯rā̆ǵʰ- : u̯rəǵʰ-

spike, thorn

2. u̯rāǵʰ- : u̯rəǵʰ-

to hit, push

u̯reg-, and u̯erg-?

to drag, push, drive, thrust

u̯rēǵ-, u̯rōǵ-, u̯rəǵ-

to break

?*u̯reh₂-{1}

take away

?*u̯Rei̯H-{1}

compress

u̯reik-, u̯ereik-

heather

u̯rek-

to speak, talk formally

u̯ren-

to splash, sprinkle

u̯retʰ- : u̯rotʰ-, or u̯ratʰ-

to support

u̯rugʰi̯o-

rye

u̯eren-

lamb, ram, sheep