| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|
| NYI |
| NYI | heth. parktaru ‘soll sich erheben’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | heth. parkiyanzi ‘werden hoch; machen hoch’{5} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [arm. ebarj ‘hob auf, trug’, barjaw ‘erhob sich’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [arm. bar̄nam ‘hebe auf, hebe, trage’{11} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [toch.B parka, A pärk ‘erhob sich’{4} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | toch.A pärkatär ‘erhebt sich’{13} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ?gr. φράσσω, att. φράττω ‘verschanze, befestige’{5a} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. barhayā sám ‘ich will stärken’, ní … barháyas ‘schmetterst nieder’{6} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. babr̥hāṇá- ‘fest, stark’{7a} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. ní barhīt ‘schmettert(e) nieder’{8} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | spätved. (ĀpM) úpa barhasva ‘leg (den Arm) unter!’{9} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [ved. (ŚB) pári br̥mँhati ‘befestigt ringsum’{10} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. úpa barbr̥hi RV 10,10,10 ‘leg (den Arm) unter!’{12} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | jav. Konj. us … barəzaiieni Yt. 10,108 ‘werde aufziehen’{6a} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | air. d’-bairg ‘wirf!’; mkymr. bwrw ‘wirft’{7} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|
| West Germanic |
| Dutch | berg | barrow | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle Dutch | bergfert, bergfrede | protecting shelter | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle Dutch | burch, borch | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Dutch | burg | burg, castle, fortified place | n | W7 LRC |
| Dutch | burgemeester | burgomaster | n | W7 LRC |
| Dutch | herberg | inn | n | TLL LRC |
| Dutch | schouwburg | theater | n | TLL LRC |
| Old Saxon | berg | barrow | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| Old Saxon | bur(u)g | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle Low German | borch | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Old Frisian | berch, birg | barrow | n.str.masc | GED ASD LRC |
| Old Frisian | berg | barrow | n | CDC LRC |
| Old Frisian | bur(i)ch | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Old High German | berg | barrow | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| Old High German | bergan | to cover, protect | vb | CDC LRC |
| Old High German | bur(u)g, bur(u)c | burg, bourg, castle, fortified place | n | RPN CDC LRC |
| Old High German | perac | barrow | n | ASD LRC |
| Middle High German | berc | barrow | n | ASD LRC |
| Middle High German | bercfrit, bercvrit | belfry | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle High German | berchfrit, berhfride | belfry | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle High German | bergen | to cover, protect | vb | CDC LRC |
| Middle High German | burc | burg, bourg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| German | Berg | barrow | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| German | bergen | to cover, protect | vb | CDC LRC |
| German | Brieg | Brieg | prop.n | GED LRC |
| German | Burg | burg, castle, fortified place | n.fem | LRC |
| German | Bürger | burgher | n.masc | LRC |
| German | Fort | fort | n.neut | LRC |
| German | Gebirge | mountains, mountain range | n.neut.coll | TLL LRC |
| Celtic |
| Old Irish | borg, brog, brugh | castle | n | RPN LRC |
| Old Irish | brigh | barrow | n | CDC LRC |
| Old Irish | brī, brig | brae | n.fem | GED LRC |
| Irish | bri | barrow | n | CDC LRC |
| Breton | bre | barrow | n | CDC LRC |
| Cornish | bre | brae | n | LRC |
| Welsh | bera | heap | n | GED LRC |
| Welsh | bre | brae, barrow | n | CDC LRC |
| Gaulish | Berg- | Berg- | prop.n | GED LRC |
| Gaulish | Brig-antes | Brigantes | prop.n | GED LRC |
| Gaulish | Brig-antia | Bregenz | prop.n | GED LRC |
| English |
| Old English | beorg, beorh | barrow | n.masc | LRC |
| Old English | beorgan | to cover, protect | vb | CDC LRC |
| Old English | biorg, biorh | barrow | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Old English | bre(o)go, bregu, brega | lord, prince, king, ruler | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Old English | burg, bur(u)h | borough, fortified place/town/city | n | RPN CDC LRC |
| Old English | mund-beorh | sheltering-hill | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Middle English | berfreid, belfray | belfry | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle English | berfrey, belfry | belfry | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | bergh, berw, ber(u)z, beoruh | barrow | n | W7 CDC LRC |
| Middle English | borwe, borowe, boruz, buruh | borough | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle English | bourg, bor(u)gh | bourg | n | W7 MEV LRC |
| Middle English | bra | brae | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | burgeis | burgess, bourgeois | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | burgh | borough | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | comforten | to comfort | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | deforcen | to deforce | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | enforcen | to enforce | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | fabour | faubourg | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | force | force | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | fortalice | fortalice | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | forte | fort | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | forteresse | fortress | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | fortifien | to fortify | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | fortitude | fortitude | n | W7 LRC |
| English | barrow | hill, mountain; mound, tumulus | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | Barrow-downs | Shire area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | Barrowfield | Rohan cemetery in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | Barrow-wight | tomb-wraith in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | belfry | siege tower | n | AHD W2I LRC |
| English | borough | fortified group of houses forming town | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | bourg | town, village | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | bourgeois | burgher | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | brae | hill, hillside, highland | n | W7 LRC |
| English | Bree | hillside town in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | Bree-land | highland area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | Brego | 2nd Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | burg | borough, walled bourg, (ancient) fortress | n | W7 LRC |
| English | burgess | burgher, citizen of British borough | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | burgher | town/borough inhabitant | n | W7 LRC |
| English | burglar | thief, one who commits burglary | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | burgomaster | mayor, chief magistrate of town | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | comfort | to cheer, give strength/hope to | vb.trans | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | deforce | to keep (lands) by force from rightful owner | vb.trans | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | Dwimorberg | haunted mountain in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | effort | conscious exertion of power | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | enforce | to strengthen, give force to | vb.trans | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | faubourg | suburb | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | force | strength/energy exerted/brought to bear | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | fort | strong/fortified place | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | fortalice | fortress | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | forte | loud(ly), powerful(ly) | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | forte | one's strong point | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | fortify | to make strong | vb | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | fortis | produced with strong expiration/articulatory tenseness | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | fortissimo | very loud | adv | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | fortitude | strength | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | fortress | stronghold, fortified place | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | Hornburg | Rohan fortress in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | iceberg | large floating ice mass detached from glacier | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | inselberg | isolated mountain | n | AHD W2I LRC |
| English | Mundberg, Mundburg | a.k.a. Minas Tirith in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | Norbury | town a.k.a. Fornost in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | reinforce | to strengthen, give more force/effectiveness to | vb.trans | AHD LRC |
| English | Tuckborough | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| North Germanic |
| Old Norse | berg | barrow | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Old Icelandic | berg | rock, barrow | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| Old Icelandic | bjarg | rock, barrow | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| Icelandic | berg, bjarg | rock, precipice | n | CDC LRC |
| Icelandic | borg | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Icelandic | bragr | prince, leader | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Norwegian | berg | barrow | n | W7 LRC |
| Norwegian | isberg | iceberg | n | W7 LRC |
| Danish | bjærg | barrow | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Danish | borg | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Swedish | berg | barrow | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Swedish | borg | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| East Germanic |
| Gothic | *bairgahei | mountainous area | n.fem | GED LRC |
| Gothic | bairgan | to cover, protect | vb | CDC LRC |
| Gothic | *bairgs | barrow | n | RPN LRC |
| Gothic | baurgs | burg, tower, fortified place | n.str.fem | GED LRC |
| Gothic | baurgs-waddjus | city wall | n.masc | KGW LRC |
| Italic |
| Latin | burgus | burg, bourg | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Latin | fortis, fortis | fortified | adj | LRC |
| Latin | fortitudo, fortitudinis | fortitude | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Vulgar Latin | fortia | strength | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Late Latin | conforto, confortāre | to strengthen greatly | vb | W7 LRC |
| Late Latin | fortifico, fortificāre | to fortify | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle Latin | ber(e)fredus, berefridus | belfry | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle Latin | burgus | burg, bourg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Medieval Latin | burgator | burglar | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Medieval Latin | burglator | burglar | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Medieval Latin | burgo, burgare, burgatus | to commit burglary | vb | W7 LRC |
| Medieval Latin | fortalitia | strength | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Portuguese | burgo | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Portuguese | fôrça | force | n | TLL LRC |
| Portuguese | forte | strong, forte | adj | TLL LRC |
| Spanish | burgo | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Spanish | fuerte | strong, forte | adj | TLL LRC |
| Spanish | fuerza | force | n | TLL LRC |
| Old French | berfrai, berfray, berefreit | belfry | n | CDC LRC |
| Old French | berfroi, belefroi | belfry | n | CDC LRC |
| Old French | borc | bourg | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Old French | borg, burc | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Old French | borjois | burgess | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Old French | burgeis | bourgeois | n | CDC LRC |
| Old French | conforter | to console, stengthen | vb | W7 LRC |
| Old French | deforcier | to force, compel | vb | W7 LRC |
| Old French | enforcier | to make stronger | vb | W7 LRC |
| Old French | esforcier | to force | vb | W7 LRC |
| Old French | esfort | effort | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Old French | force | force; scissors, cutters | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Old French | forcier | to force | vb | W7 LRC |
| Old French | fors | outside | adv | W7 LRC |
| Old French | forsborc | faubourg | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Old North French | belfroi | belfry | n | AHD LRC |
| Anglo-French | burgler | burglar | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | berfrei | bell-tower | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | bourg | bourg | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | bourgeois | town-dweller | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | effort | effort | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | enforcier | to enforce | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | force | force | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | forsbourg, fauxbourg | faubourg, suburbs | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | fort | strong | adj | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | forteresce | fortress | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | fortifier | to fortify | vb | W7 LRC |
| French | beffroi | belfry, watchtower, bell tower | n | CDC LRC |
| French | bourg | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| French | bourgeois | bourgeois | n | CDC LRC |
| French | force | force | n.fem | LRC |
| French | fort | strong, forte | adj | TLL LRC |
| Provençal | borc | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Italian | battifredo | belfry | n | CDC LRC |
| Italian | borgo | burg, castle, fortified place | n | CDC LRC |
| Italian | forte | strong, forte | adj | W7 LRC |
| Italian | fortissimo | strongest | adj.sup | W7 LRC |
| Italian | forza | force | n | TLL LRC |
| Balto-Slavic |
| Polish | brzeg | bank, shore | n | CDC LRC |
| Czech | breh | bank, shore | n | CDC LRC |
| Serbian | brijeg | bank, shore | n | CDC LRC |
| Old Church Slavonic | brěgъ | bank, cliff | n | GED LRC |
| Russian | beregŭ | bank, shore | n | CDC LRC |
| Hellenic |
| Greek | πύργος | tower | n | RPN LRC |
| Anatolian |
| Hittite | parkatar | height | n | GED LRC |
| Hittite | párkuš | high | adj | GED LRC |
| Armenian |
| Armenian | barjr | high | adj | GED LRC |
| Armenian | -berj | height | n | GED LRC |
| Armenian | erkna-berj | sky-high | adj | GED LRC |
| Indo-Iranian |
| Avestan | barəzah- | height | n | GED LRC |
| Avestan | berezanh | height, barrow | n | CDC LRC |
| Avestan | bərəz(ant)- | high, great, lofty | adj | GED LRC |
| Sanskrit | bṛhánt- | high, tall, great, strong | adj | RPN LRC |
| Sanskrit | brihant | strong, mighty, lofty | adj | CDC LRC |
| Sanskrit | brih, barh | to be thick/strong | vb | CDC LRC |
| Tocharian |
| Tocharian B | pärk- | to rise (sun) | vb | RPN LRC |
| Tocharian A | pärk-, park- | to rise (sun) | vb | RPN LRC |