2. (s)kel-
to owe, be guilty
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | apr. skellānts ‘schuldig’; alit. skelù, [lit. skeliù, (skelė́ti) ‘schuldig sein’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | got. (+) skal ‘ist schuldig, muß, soll’{3} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | russ. skórbnut' ‘zusammenschrumpfen’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Cross References - Pokorny
9. kel-Reflexes - Pokorny
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English | sculan, sceal, sculon, scolde | shall, ought to | vb.ptpr.IV | LRC |
| Old English | scyld(u) | sin, guilt; debt, duty, what is owed | n.fem | GED ASD LRC |
| Middle English | shal | shall | vb.mod | W7 LRC |
| English | shall | must, will have to | vb.mod | AHD W7 LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian | skela | should | vb.mod | GED LRC |
| Old Frisian | skelde, schild, schuld | debt, duty, what is owed | n | GED ASD LRC |
| Old Frisian | skila, skal, skilun, skolde | to owe; shall, must | vb.ptpr | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | zal | shall, am/is going to | vb.mod.1 | TLL LRC |
| Dutch | zoude | would; was going to | vb.mod.1 | TLL LRC |
| Old Saxon | skolan | should | vb.mod | GED LRC |
| Old Saxon | skulan, skal, skulun, skolda | to owe; shall, must | vb.ptpr | ASD LRC |
| Old Saxon | skuld | debt, duty, what is owed | n | GED LRC |
| Old Low German | sculd | guilt; debt | n | ASD LRC |
| Old High German | scal | shall, must, ought to | vb.mod | W7 LRC |
| Old High German | scalto | dedicated | vb.ptc | GED LRC |
| Old High German | scolan, scal, sculumes, scolta | to owe; shall, must | vb.ptpr | ASD LRC |
| Old High German | sculd(a) | debt, duty, what is owed | n.str.fem | GED LRC |
| Old High German | scult | owing | vb.pres.ptc | GED LRC |
| Old High German | s(k)ulan | should | vb.mod | GED LRC |
| Middle High German | soln | should | vb.mod | GED LRC |
| German | Schuld | dept, fault, what is owed | n.fem | LRC |
| German | schulden | to owe | vb | LRC |
| German | soll | should | vb.mod.1 | TLL LRC |
| German | sollen | shall | vb.mod | LRC |
| German | sollte | would | vb.mod.1 | TLL LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse | skulu | shall, must, ought | vb.mod | LRC |
| Old Icelandic | skuld | debt, duty, what is owed | n | GED LRC |
| Old Icelandic | skuldr | owing | vb.pres.ptc | GED LRC |
| Old Icelandic | skulu, skal, skulum, skyldi | to owe; shall, must, should | vb.ptpr | GED ASD LRC |
| Old Icelandic | skyld | debt, duty, what is owed | n | GED LRC |
| Icelandic | skuld, skyld | due, tax; sake | n | ASD LRC |
| Danish | skal | should; must | vb.mod.1 | TLL LRC |
| Danish | skulde | should have, had to | vb.mod.1 | TLL LRC |
| Swedish | skall | shall, am/is going to | vb.mod.1 | TLL LRC |
| Swedish | skulle | would, should, was going to | vb.mod.1 | TLL LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic | skula | guilty, in debt; debtor | adj | LRC |
| Gothic | skulan, skal, skulum, skulda | to owe, have to, be obliged | vb.ptpr.IV | GED ASD LRC |
| Balto-Slavic | ||||
| Old Prussian | skellānts | indebted | vb.past.ptc | GED LRC |
| Old Lithuanian | skelù | to owe | vb | GED LRC |
| Lithuanian | kal̃tas | indebted | vb.past.ptc | GED LRC |
| Lithuanian | skelėti | to owe | vb | GED LRC |
| Lithuanian | skola | debt | n.fem | W7 LD LRC |