1. gʷel-
to stab; pain, death, quell
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | ?[arm. kełem ‘quäle’{3} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [mkymr. vel ‘schlägt’{4} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [ae. (+) cwelan ‘leiden, verderben’{5} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | an. (+) kvelia ‘quälen’, ae. cwellan ‘töten’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [lit. geliù, (gālti) ‘stechen; schmerzen’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ?[apr. gallintwei ‘töten’{6} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [r.-ksl. želějǫ, želěti ‘trauern’{7} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Reflexes - Pokorny
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish | atbaill | to die, perish | vb | GED LRC |
| Middle Welsh | (a)ballu | to die, perish | vb | GED LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English | cwalu, cwælu | violent death, slaughter, destruction | n.fem | GED ASD LRC |
| Old English | cwelan | to die | vb.str | GED LRC |
| Old English | cwellan | to kill | vb | W7 LRC |
| Old English | cwyld-tīd | evening, time of rest | n.str.neut | LRC |
| Middle English | killen | to kill | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | quell | quell | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | quellen | to quell, kill | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | quille | quill | n | IEW LRC |
| English | belonephobia | trypanophobia, fear of pins/needles | n | AHD LRC |
| English | kill | to deprive of life | vb | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | quell | killing, slaughter | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | quell | to suppress, put down | vb.trans | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | quill | large feather; weaving spool | n | IEW LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch | kwaal | fatal illness | n | GED LRC |
| Dutch | kwellen | to vex | vb | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | quelen | to die | vb | ASD LRC |
| Old Saxon | qualu | torment | n.str.fem | GED LRC |
| Old Saxon | quelan | to die violently | vb | ASD LRC |
| Old Saxon | quellian | to kill | vb | ASD LRC |
| Old High German | chelī, quelī | torment | n | GED LRC |
| Old High German | chwilti-werk | evening work | n.str.neut | GED LRC |
| Old High German | quāla | quell, torment, misery, suffering | n.fem | GED LRC |
| Old High German | quelan | to suffer | vb.str.IV | GED LRC |
| Old High German | queljan | to kill | vb | ASD LRC |
| Old High German | quellen | to quell, kill, torture | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle High German | quel(le)n, kellen | to vex, press | vb | ASD LRC |
| German | Qual | quell, torment | n.fem | LRC |
| German | quälen | to vex | vb | ASD LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic | kveld | evening, time of rest | n.str.neut | LRC |
| Old Icelandic | kvǫl | suffering | n | GED LRC |
| Icelandic | kwelja | to torment | vb | ASD LRC |
| Danish | qwäle | to quell, torture | vb | ASD LRC |
| Swedish | kväll | evening | n | TLL LRC |
| Swedish | qwälja | to torment | vb | ASD LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic | *ana-qal | rest, quiet | n | GED LRC |
| Gothic | *ana-qilan | to die, go to rest | vb | GED LRC |
| Balto-Slavic | ||||
| Old Prussian | gallan | death | n | GED LRC |
| Lithuanian | gãlas | end | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Lithuanian | gélti | to prick | vb | GED LRC |
| Lithuanian | gėlà | severe pain | n | GED LRC |
| Lithuanian | gìltinė | death | n | GED LRC |
| Latvian | galotne | top, summit | n.fem | LRC |
| Old Church Slavonic | žalь | pain | n | GED LRC |
| Old Church Slavonic | žęlo | to prick | vb | GED LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek | belonē | needle | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian | kełem | torture | n | GED LRC |