gʰren-
to grind, rub, stroke hard
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | lat. frendō, -ere ‘Zähne knirschen, zermalmen’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | lit. gréndu, (grę́sti) ‘schaben, scheuern’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Cross References - Pokorny
1. gʰrem-2. gʰrēu- : gʰrəu- : gʰrū-Reflexes - Pokorny
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italic | ||||
| Middle French | refraindre | to resound, restrain | vb | W7 LRC |
| French | fraise | fraise; wattle; countersink | n | W7 LRC |
| Latin | firmus | firm, solid | adj | W7 LRC |
| Latin | frendo, frendere | to grind, crush | vb | W7 LRC |
| Latin | frenum | bit, reins, bridle; curb, restraint | n.neut | W7 LRC |
| Latin | refringo, refringere | to check, destroy, break up | vb | W7 LRC |
| Late Latin | hypochondria | upper abdomen | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| New Latin | hypochondria | excessive fear of disease | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| New Latin | mitochondrion | mitochondrion | n.neut | W7 LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English | grindan, gryndan | to grind | vb.str | W7 ASD LRC |
| Old English | grīst | grist | n | W7 LRC |
| Old English | grund | ground, (surface of) earth | n.masc | LRC |
| Middle English | grinden | to grind | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | grist | grist | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | ground | ground | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | refreynen | to refrain | vb | W7 LRC |
| English | chondr(o)- | cartilage | pfx | AHD LRC |
| English | chondromalacia | abnormal softening/degeneration of joint cartilage | n | AHD LRC |
| English | fraise | obstacle of pointed stakes in rampart | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | frenulum | small connective membrane fold | n | AHD LRC |
| English | frenum | connective membrane fold serving to support/restrain | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | grind, ground | to reduce to powder via friction | vb.str | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | grist | grain for grinding | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | ground | bottom (of water body) | n | W7 LRC |
| English | hypochondria | depression of mind/spirits caused by imaginary physical ailment | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | mitochondrion | chondriosome: body found in cells | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | refrain | to curb, restrain | vb | AHD W7 LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian | grund | ground | n | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | grintzand | gravel | n | GED LRC |
| Old Saxon | grund | ground | n | ASD LRC |
| Middle Low German | grint | scab | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| Old High German | grint | scab | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| Old High German | grunt | ground | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| German | Grund | ground | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse | grund | ground; field, (surface of) earth | n.fem | LRC |
| Old Icelandic | grandi | sandbank in water | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Old Icelandic | grunn | shallow place | n.neut | GED LRC |
| Old Icelandic | grunn(r) | ground | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Old Icelandic | grunnr | shallow | adj | GED LRC |
| Icelandic | grunnr | ground | n | ASD LRC |
| Danish | grund | ground, basis | n | TLL LRC |
| Swedish | grand | sand; scab | n | GED LRC |
| Swedish | grund | ground, basis | n | TLL LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic | afgrundiþa | abyss | n | ASD LRC |
| Gothic | *grinda-fraþjis | faint-hearted | adj | GED LRC |
| Gothic | grundu-waddjus | foundation | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Balto-Slavic | ||||
| Lithuanian | grándau | to rub, scrape | vb | GED LRC |
| Lithuanian | gréndžiu | to rub, scrape | vb | GED LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek | ξηραίνω | to dry up | vb | LRC |
| Greek | hypochondria | parts under cartilage (of breastbone) | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Greek | χόνδρος | grain, groat(s); cartilage | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Greek | χραίνω | to smear, paint | vb | GED LRC |