3. gel(ə)-
cool, cold; to keel, freeze
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | [an. (+) kala ‘kalt werden, frieren’{2} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Reflexes - Pokorny
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English | calan | to freeze, be cold | vb | GED RPN LRC |
| Old English | c(e)ald | cold | adj | GED RPN ASD LRC |
| Old English | cēlan | to keel | vb | RPN LRC |
| Old English | cieldu | cold, chill | n.fem | GED LRC |
| Old English | c(i)ele | chill, cold | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Old English | cielian | to be cold, chilly | vb | RPN LRC |
| Old English | cōl | cool | adj | GED RPN LRC |
| Old English | cōlian | to become cool/cold | vb | RPN LRC |
| Middle English | chile | cold, frost | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | chillen | to chill | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | cold | cold | adj | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | congelen | to congeal | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | gelly | jelly | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | kelen | to keel | vb | W7 LRC |
| English | chill | sensation of coldness | n | IEW W7 LRC |
| English | chill | to become cold | vb | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | cold | re: temperature notably below norm | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | cold | condition of low temperature; illness, disease | n | W7 LRC |
| English | congeal | to change from fluid to solid when cold | vb | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | cool | moderately cold, lacking heat | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | cool | to make/become cool | vb | W7 LRC |
| English | gelatin | glutinous material obtained by boiling animal tissue | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | gelation | action/process of freezing | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | gelid | icy, extremely cold | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | glace | made/finished to have smooth glossy surface | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | glacial | frigid, extremely cold | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | glaciate | to freeze | vb | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | glacier | large ice body moving slowly downhill | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | glacis | incline, gentle slope | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | jelly | food with soft elastic consistency | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | keel | to cool | vb | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | verglas | thin ice film on rock | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian | kald | cold | adj | GED RPN LRC |
| Old Frisian | kela | to cool, be cold | vb | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | koel | cool | adj | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | koelen | to cool, be cold | vb | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | koud | cold | adj | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | verkoudheid | cold: illness | n | TLL LRC |
| Old Saxon | kald | cold | adj | GED RPN LRC |
| Old Saxon | kōlōn | to cool, be cold | vb | ASD LRC |
| Middle Low German | külde | cold | n | GED LRC |
| Old High German | kalt, chalt | cold | adj | GED ASD LRC |
| Old High German | kuol(i), chuoli | cool | adj | W7 GED LRC |
| Old High German | kuoljan | to cool, be cold | vb | ASD LRC |
| Middle High German | kalt | cold | adj | ASD LRC |
| Middle High German | küele | cool | adj | ASD LRC |
| Middle High German | kuolēn | to cool, be cold | vb | ASD LRC |
| New High German | kalt | cold | adj | RPN LRC |
| New High German | kühl | cool | adj | RPN LRC |
| German | Erkältung | cold: illness | n | TLL LRC |
| German | kühlen | to cool, be cold | vb | ASD LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse | kala | to freeze, be(come) cold | vb | LRC |
| Old Icelandic | kalda | to become cold | vb | RPN LRC |
| Old Icelandic | kaldr | cold | adj | GED RPN LRC |
| Old Icelandic | kelda | spring, brook | n | GED LRC |
| Old Icelandic | klaki | hard-frozen ground | n | RPN LRC |
| Old Icelandic | kólna | to become cold | vb | RPN LRC |
| Old Icelandic | kul | breeze, gust of wind | n.neut | GED RPN LRC |
| Old Icelandic | kuldi | cold | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Old Icelandic | kylr | gust of cold air | n | RPN LRC |
| Icelandic | kala | to cool, be cold | vb | ASD LRC |
| Icelandic | kaldr | cold | adj | ASD LRC |
| Danish | forkølelse | cold: illness | n | TLL LRC |
| Danish | kilde | water spring | n | TLL LRC |
| Danish | koele | to cool, be cold | vb | ASD LRC |
| Danish | kold | cold | adj | ASD LRC |
| Danish | köl(ig) | cool | adj | ASD LRC |
| Swedish | förkylning | cold: illness | n | TLL LRC |
| Swedish | kall | cold | adj | ASD LRC |
| Swedish | koela | to cool, be cold | vb | ASD LRC |
| Swedish | kylig | cool | adj | ASD LRC |
| Swedish | källa | water spring | n | TLL LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic | *kalds | cold | adj | GED RPN LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin | congelo, congelare | to freeze, to harden | vb | W7 LRC |
| Latin | gelatio, gelationis | action of freezing | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Latin | gelidus | cold, icy-cold, frosty | adj | RPN LRC |
| Latin | gelo, gelare, gelavi, gelatus | to (cause to) freeze, congeal | vb | W7 LRC |
| Latin | gelu, gelūs | cold, frost, ice | n.neut | W7 LRC |
| Latin | glacialis | icy | adj | W7 LRC |
| Latin | glacies | icicle | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Latin | glacio, glaciare | to freeze | vb | W7 LRC |
| Old French | verre-glaz | glass ice, thin ice film on rock | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | congeler | to freeze | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | gelé | frosted, frozen | vb.ptc | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | gelee | frost | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | geler | to freeze, congeal | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | glace | ice | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| French | gélatine | edible jelly, gelatin | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| French | glace | ice | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| French | glacer | to freeze, ice, glaze | vb | W7 LRC |
| French | glacis | glacis, glaze | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| French | verglas | cold rain freezing as thin ice | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Italian | gelare | to freeze | vb | W7 LRC |
| Italian | gelatina | gelatin | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Italian | gelato | ice, ice-cream | n.masc | W7 CID LRC |
| Balto-Slavic | ||||
| Lithuanian | száltas | cold | adj | ASD LRC |
| Indo-Iranian | ||||
| Sanskrit | jala | cold | adj | ASD LRC |