orbʰo-
weak, abandoned; slave, orphan
Reflexes - Pokorny
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English | earfeðe, earfoþ | hardship, suffering | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Old English | earfoð-hwīl | lit. hardship-time | n.fem | LRC |
| Old English | (e)arm, ærm | poor, wretched, pitiful, miserable | adj | ASD LRC |
| Old English | earm-cearig | miserable, lit. wretched-caring | adj | LRC |
| English | orphan | child deprived of parent(s) by death | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | robot | machine with human form/function but lacking sensitivity | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian | arbe(i)d | labor, hardship | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Old Frisian | arm, erm | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| Frisian | aerbeyde | labor, hardship | n | ASD LRC |
| Frisian | earm | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | arbeid | labor, hardship | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | arbeiden | to work | vb | TLL LRC |
| Dutch | arm | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| Old Saxon | arbeit | labor, hardship | n.fem | ASD LRC |
| Old Saxon | arbeithi, arbeidi, arvit | labor, hardship | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Old Saxon | arm | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| Old High German | ar(a)beit | trouble | n.fem | W7 ASD LRC |
| Old High German | ar(a)m | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| Old High German | erbi | inheritance | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle High German | ar(e)beit | labor, hardship | n.fem | ASD LRC |
| Middle High German | arm | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| German | Arbeit | labor, hardship | n.fem | ASD LRC |
| German | arbeiten | to work | vb | TLL LRC |
| German | arm | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| German | Erbe | beneficiary | n.masc | LRC |
| German | Erbe | inheritance | n.neut | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse | arfr | inheritance | n | LRC |
| Icelandic | armr | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| Icelandic | erfiði, erviði | toil, labor, distress | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Danish | arbeid(e) | labor, hardship | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Danish | arbejde | to work | vb | TLL LRC |
| Danish | arm | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| Swedish | arbeta | to work | vb | TLL LRC |
| Swedish | arbete | labor, hardship | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Swedish | arm | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic | arbaiþs | labor, hardship | n.fem | ASD LRC |
| Gothic | arms | poor | adj | ASD LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin | orbus | orphaned | adj | W7 LRC |
| Balto-Slavic | ||||
| Czech | robot | robot | n | W7 LRC |
| Czech | robota | work, labor | n | W7 LRC |
| Old Church Slavonic | rabotati, rabotajǫ, rabotaješi | to serve, render service | vb | LRC |
| Old Church Slavonic | rabъ | servant | n.masc | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek | orphanos | orphan | n.masc | W7 LRC |