ǵer-, ǵerə-, ǵrē-
to rub; rotten; to age, ripen; grain
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | [ved. jurátam RV 1,182,3 ‘macht hinfällig!’{3} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. járanti ‘lassen alt werden’{4} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [ved. jū́rvati ‘reibt auf’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. Ptz. jujurúṣ- ‘gealtert’, (AV) jajā́ra ‘ist gealtert’{4a} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. jaráyant- ‘alt machend’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. jāriṣur ‘altern’{7} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. (RV) jū́ryati, (AV+) jī́ryati ‘altert, wird hinfällig’ spätkhot. ysirāre ‘werden alt’{9} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [aksl. (+) sъ-zorjǫ, -zoriti ‘reifen lassen’{5} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [aksl. (+) sъ-zьrějǫ, -zьrěti ‘reifen’{6} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | gr. ἐγήρᾱ ‘wurde alt’{8} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | jav. +a-zarəsaṇt- ‘nicht alternd’{10} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Reflexes - Pokorny
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English | bred-corn | lit. bread-grain | n | MEV LRC |
| Middle English | carl | carl | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | churl | churl | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | chyrne | churn | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | corn, curn | corn | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | garner | garner | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | garnett | garnet (tackle) | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | grain | grain | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | grange | grange | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | grenat | garnet (semiprecious stone) | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | kernel | kernel | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | poumgarnet | pomegranate | n | W7 LRC |
| Old English | ceorl | ceorl, carl, fellow | n | W7 LRC |
| Old English | corn | corn | n.neut | LRC |
| Old English | cyrin, ceren | churn | n.fem | W7 ASD LRC |
| Old English | cyrn(e)l | kernel | n | W7 ASD LRC |
| English | ageratum | tropical American composite herb | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | Carl | hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | carl | common man (of the people) | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | carling | part of ship deck framing | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | Ceorl | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | ceorl | free man of lowest rank | n | W7 LRC |
| English | churl | ceorl | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | churn | vessel for making butter | n | IEW LRC |
| English | corn | grain, small hard seed | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | einkorn | early cultivated single-grain wheat | n | AHD LRC |
| English | filigree | ornamental work of fine gold/silver/copper wire | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | garner | granary | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | garnet | semiprecious stone: more/less transparent (red) silicate mineral | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | garnet | tackle for lifting cargo on ship | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | geriatric | re: age/aging | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | geront(o)- | old age | pfx | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | grain | small hard seed(s) | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | gram | leguminous plant grown esp. for seed | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | granadilla | passionflower fruit | n | AHD LRC |
| English | granary | place to store threshed grain | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | grange | barn, granary | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | grani- | grain, seeds | pfx | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | granita | chipped ice with flavorings | n | AHD LRC |
| English | granite | very hard, visibly crystalline igneous rock | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | granule | small particle | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | grenade | container fitted with priming/bursting charges | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | grenadine | plain/figured open-weave fabric | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | kernel | fruit seed | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | pomegranate | thick-skinned reddish berry with many seeds in crimson pulp | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| British English | corn | maize; (organic) granule | n | GED LRC |
| Scots English | curn | corn | n | W7 LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian | korn | corn | n | ASD LRC |
| Old Frisian | tzerle, tzirle | man | n | ASD LRC |
| Frisian | tzsierl | man | n | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | karel | carl | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | kern | kernel | n.fem | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | kōren | corn | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Old Saxon | korn(i), kurni | corn | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Old High German | char(a)l | carl | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Old High German | kerno | kernel | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Old High German | korn | corn | n | GED LRC |
| Middle High German | kerl | carl | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Middle High German | kërn(e) | kernel | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Middle High German | korn | corn | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| German | Einkorn | einkorn, lit. single-grain | n.neut | LRC |
| German | Kerl | carl | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| German | Kern | kernel | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| German | Korn | corn, cereal | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse | kerling | carling, lit. old woman | n | W7 LRC |
| Old Norse | korn | corn | n | W7 LRC |
| Old Icelandic | karl | carl, (old) man | n | RPN LRC |
| Icelandic | karl | carl | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Icelandic | kjarni | kernel | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Icelandic | korn | corn | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Danish | kjerne | kernel | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Danish | korn | corn | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Old Swedish | krootas | to break to pieces | vb | GED LRC |
| Swedish | korn | corn | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Swedish | kärna | kernel | n.fem | ASD LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic | *ga-kroton | to break to pieces | vb.wk.II | GED LRC |
| Gothic | kaurn(o) | corn | n.neut | GED ASD LRC |
| Crimean Gothic | *korn, kor | corn | n | CGo LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin | glārea | sand, gravel | n.fem | GED LRC |
| Latin | granarium | granary | n.neut | W7 LRC |
| Latin | granata | pomegranate | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Latin | granatus | seedy | vb.ptc | W7 LRC |
| Latin | grānum | grain, seed, kernel | n.neut | GED LRC |
| Late Latin | granulum | small grain | n.neut.dim | W7 LRC |
| Medieval Latin | granica | grange | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| New Latin | Ageratum | genus of herbs | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Portuguese | grão | grain | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Old French | grenier | granary | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Old North French | calingue | old woman | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | grain | cereal grain | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | graine | grain, seed | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | grange | barn | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | grenade | grenade; pomegranate | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | grenat | (re:) precious stone, red like pomegranate | adj | W7 LRC |
| French | carlingue | keelson | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| French | filigrane | filigree | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| French | grenade | grenade; pomegranate | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| French | grenadine | grenadine | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Italian | filigrana | filigree, watermark | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Italian | granire | to granulate | vb | W7 LRC |
| Italian | granito | seeded, full of grain | adj | W7 CID LRC |
| Italian | grano | grain | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Balto-Slavic | ||||
| Lithuanian | žìrnis | pea | n | GED LRC |
| Old Church Slavonic | zrělъ | ripe | adj | RPN LRC |
| Old Church Slavonic | zrěti | to ripen, mature | vb | GED RPN LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek | agēratos | ageless | adj | W7 LRC |
| Greek | γεραιός | old | adj | RPN LRC |
| Greek | γέρων | old; old man | adj | GED RPN LRC |
| Greek | γῆρας | old age | n.neut | RPN LRC |
| Greek | γηράω | to grow old | vb | GED LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian | cer | old | adj | RPN LRC |
| Indo-Iranian | ||||
| Avestan | zar- | to grow old, waste away | vb | RPN LRC |
| Sanskrit | grā́vā | grindstone | n | GED LRC |
| Sanskrit | jára-ḥ | becoming old, wearing out | adj | RPN LRC |
| Sanskrit | jaraṇá-ḥ | old, decayed | adj | RPN LRC |
| Sanskrit | járat- | old; worn; dry (herbs) | adj | RPN LRC |
| Sanskrit | járati | to grow old, wear out | vb | RPN LRC |
| Sanskrit | járant- | old, sickly | adj | GED LRC |
| Sanskrit | jarā́ | old age | n | RPN LRC |
| Sanskrit | jīrṇá-ḥ, jūrṇá-ḥ | old, worn out, withered | adj | RPN LRC |
| Sanskrit | jīryati | to become feeble | vb | GED LRC |