3. dʰer-, dʰereu-, dʰrē̆n-
(onomatopoeic: to drone, growl, purr, etc.)
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | arm. 3s Med. erdowaw ‘schwor’{1} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [arm. erdnowm ‘schwöre’{2} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | gr. trag.-lyr. θρέομαι ‘rufe aus, kreische’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | gr. trag.-lyr. θροέω ‘verkünde, schreie’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | mp. dr’y- ‘schreien, heulen’, sogd. δr’w-{3} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Cross References - Pokorny
2. der-, reduplicated der-der-, dr̥d<sub>o</sub>r-, broken reduplication dor-d-, dr̥-d-Reflexes - Pokorny
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Middle Irish | drēsacht | rattle | n | GED LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English | dora | bumblebee | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Old English | drān, drǣn | drone | n.fem | GED ASD LRC |
| Middle English | drane, drone | drone | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle English | drounen | to drone, roar/bellow (of a dragon) | vb | CDC LRC |
| English | Dora | hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | drone | male (honey) bee: has no sting, gathers no honey | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | drone | to hum, buzz, murmur | vb | LRC |
| English | thre(a)ne | threnody, lamentation | n | CDC LRC |
| English | threnody | elegy, funeral lament | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| Scots English | drune | to drone, low | vb | CDC LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch | dronen, dreunen | to drone, tremble, quaver | vb | CDC LRC |
| Dutch | dreunen | to drone, make a trembling noise | vb | CDC LRC |
| Old Saxon | drān | drone | n.fem | ASD LRC |
| Old Saxon | dren(i)o | drone | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Old Low German | drān | drone | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle Low German | drane, drone | drone | n | CDC LRC |
| Middle Low German | dronen | to drone | vb | CDC LRC |
| Low German | drone | drone | n | CDC LRC |
| Low German | drönen | to drone, rumble | vb.wk | GED LRC |
| Low German | drunsen | to moo softly | vb | GED LRC |
| Old High German | treno | drone | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Middle High German | tren(e) | drone | n.masc | CDC ASD LRC |
| German | Dran | drone | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| German | drensen | to groan | vb | GED LRC |
| German | Dro(h)ne | drone | n.fem | CDC ASD LRC |
| German | drö(h)nen | to drone | vb | CDC LRC |
| German | Tre(h)ne, Thräne | drone | n.fem | CDC ASD LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic | dryn-hraun | lit. roaring-stones | n | GED LRC |
| Old Icelandic | drynja | to roar, rumble | vb.wk | GED LRC |
| Icelandic | drjōni | drone | n | CDC LRC |
| Icelandic | drunur | thundering | n | CDC LRC |
| Norwegian | dryn | booming | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Danish | drone | drone | n.masc | GED ASD LRC |
| Danish | dröne | to drone, peal, boom, rumble | vb | CDC LRC |
| Swedish | dröna | to drone, low, bellow | vb | CDC LRC |
| Swedish | drönare, drönje | drone(r) | n.masc | CDC ASD LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic | *drunjus | sound, voice, droning | n.masc | GED CDC LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin | drēnsō, drēnsāre | to call/sound (like a swan) | vb | GED LRC |
| Latin | threnus | lamentation | n | CDC LRC |
| Balto-Slavic | ||||
| Lithuanian | tranni | drone | n | CDC LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Laconian | θρῶναξ | drone | n | CDC LRC |
| Greek | θρῆνος | dirge, funeral lamentation | n.masc | GED LRC |
| Greek | θρηνωιδια | dirge, funeral lament | n.fem | LRC |
| Greek | θρώναξ | drone | n | GED LRC |
| Greek | τε(ν)θρήνη | bee, wasp | n | GED CDC LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian | dṙnč̣im | to toot, resound | vb | GED LRC |
| Indo-Iranian | ||||
| Sanskrit | druna | bee | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Sanskrit | dhráṇati | to (re)sound | vb | GED LRC |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B | treṅk- | to speak | vb | GED LRC |
| Tocharian A | träṅk- | to speak | vb | GED LRC |