3. kar-, reduplicated karkar-
hard
Reflexes - Pokorny
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| English | Hardbottle | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | Harrowdale | Rohan valley in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | Dúnharg, Dunharrow | Rohan refuge in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | -ard | one characterized by some performance/possession/association | n.sfx | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | autocrat | ruler with unchecked power | n | TLL LRC |
| English | cairn | heap of stones (as landmark/memorial) | n | W7 LRC |
| English | Cancer | the Crab (northern zodiacal constellation) | prop.n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | cancer | (disease involving) malignant tumor | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | canker | erosive/spreading sore | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | carangid | re: marine spiny-finned food fish | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | carcin(o)- | crab; tumor | pfx | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | carcinoma | malignant epithelial tumor | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | careen | state of careening/being careened | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | carina | keel-shaped anatomical part/ridge/process | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | carr | rock, stone, boulder | n | OED LRC |
| English | Carrock | huge boulder in Tolkien: The Hobbit | prop.n | LRC |
| English | chancre | primary sore/ulcer at site of entry of pathogen | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | -cracy | form of government | n.sfx | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | hard | not easily penetrated/yielding to pressure | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | Harding | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | hardly | just, barely | adv | AHD LRC |
| English | hardy | brave, bold | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | standard | conspicuous object (banner) serving as emblem | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | synkaryon | cell nucleus formed by fusion of preexisting nuclei | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | Underharrow | Rohan village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| Old English | h(e)ard | hard, stern, strong, brave | adj | ASD LRC |
| Old English | hearding | hero, warrior, brave man | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Old English | heardlīce | hardly, harshly, bravely | adv | AHD LRC |
| Old English | hearg, hear(c)h, herh | temple | n.masc | IEW ASD LRC |
| Northumbrian | carr | carr | n | OED LRC |
| Middle English | -ard | -ard | sfx | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | cancer | cancer | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | canker | canker | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | carne | cairn | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | hard | hard | adj | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | hardi | hardy | adj | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | hardli | hardly | adv | AHD LRC |
| Middle English | standard | standard | n | W7 LRC |
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish | carn | cairn | n | W7 LRC |
| Old Irish | carrac | carr, cliff | n.fem | IEW LRC |
| Scots Gaelic | carn | cairn | n | W7 LRC |
| Cornish | karrek | carr | n | LRC |
| Welsh | carn | cairn | n | W7 LRC |
| Welsh | carreg | carr | n | LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian | herd | hard | adj | RPN LRC |
| Old Saxon | hard | hard | adj | RPN LRC |
| Old High German | Gērhart | Gerard | prop.n | W7 LRC |
| Old High German | -hart | -ard [used in personal names] | prop.n.sfx | W7 LRC |
| Old High German | hart(i), hert(i) | hard | adj | RPN ASD LRC |
| Old High German | haruc(h), harug | temple | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Middle High German | -hart | -ard | prop.n.sfx | CDC LRC |
| German | -hart | -ard | n.sfx | CDC LRC |
| German | hart | hard | adj | ASD LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse | harðr | hard, sharp, severe | adj | LRC |
| Old Norse | hǫrgr | temple, (stone) altar, outdoor sanctuary | n.masc | LRC |
| Old Icelandic | herða | to make hard | vb | RPN LRC |
| Icelandic | harðr | hard | adj | ASD LRC |
| Icelandic | hörgr | heathen place of worship | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Norwegian | hard | hard, strong | adj | RPN LRC |
| Danish | haard | hard, strong | adj | RPN LRC |
| Swedish | hård | hard, strong | adj | RPN LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic | hardus | hard, stern | adj | RPN LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin | Cancer | the Crab (constellation) | prop.n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Latin | cancer | crab, cancer | n.masc | RPN LRC |
| Latin | carcinoma | cancerous tumor | n.neut | W7 LRC |
| Latin | carina | ship's keel; nutshell | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Late Latin | -cratia | power | sfx | W7 LRC |
| New Latin | carina | carina | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| New Latin | synkaryon | cell nucleus formed by fusion of two nuclei | n.neut | W7 LRC |
| Spanish | caranga | carangid (fish) | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Spanish | estandarte | standard | n | TLL LRC |
| Old French | -ard | -ard | n.sfx | CDC LRC |
| Old French | hardi | bold, hardy | adj | W7 LRC |
| Old North French | cancre | crab, canker, cancer | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | carène | keel | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Middle French | -cratie | power | sfx | W7 LRC |
| French | -ard | -ard | n.sfx | CDC LRC |
| French | autocrate | autocrat | n | AHD LRC |
| French | chancre | canker, chancre | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| French | étandard | standard | n | TLL LRC |
| Old Italian | carena | ship's keel | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Balto-Slavic | ||||
| Lithuanian | kratùs | rough, uneven | adj | RPN LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Ionic | κάρτος | strength, might | n | RPN LRC |
| Homeric Greek | κρατύς | strong, mighty | adj | RPN LRC |
| Greek | autokratēs | ruling by oneself | n | AHD LRC |
| Greek | καρκίνος | crab | n | RPN LRC |
| Greek | karkinos | crab, cancer | n.masc | W7 LRC |
| Greek | karkinōma | cancer | n.neut | W7 LRC |
| Greek | κάρτα | extremely, very much | adv | LRC |
| Greek | καρτερός | strong, stout, staunch | adj | RPN LRC |
| Greek | karyon | nut | n.neut | W7 LRC |
| Greek | κρατέω | to hold fast, take to heart; rule, conquer | vb | LRC |
| Greek | -kratia | power, rule | sfx | W7 LRC |
| Greek | κράτος | strength, might, power | n | RPN LRC |
| Indo-Iranian | ||||
| Sanskrit | karkaṭa-ḥ | crab | n | RPN LRC |
| Sanskrit | karkara-ḥ | hard, firm | adj | RPN LRC |
| Sanskrit | karkaśá-ḥ | rough, hard | adj | RPN LRC |
| Pali | kakkasa- | rough, harsh | adj | RPN LRC |