4. der-, ʰeavy-base derə-, drē-
to cut, skin, split, tear
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | ved. dárt ‘zerstiebt; zerspaltet’{3} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. dadā́ra RV 6,27,4 ‘ist zerstoben’{7} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [ved. darayat ‘bricht auf, zersprengt’, Ptz. daráyant-{7a} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. Konj. dárṣat ‘wird zerstieben; wird zersprengen’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. Opt. (ŚB) dr̥ṇiyāt ‘soll zersprengen’{7c} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. dárdarṣi, Konj. dardirat ‘aufbrechen, zersprengen’{9} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [ksl. -drě ‘riß’{3a} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | aksl. (+) derǫ, (dьrati) ‘reißen, schinden’{5} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ksl. dьrǫ, (dreti) ‘reißen’{7e} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [toch.B 1s tsrāwa ‘wurde getrennt’{3b} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ?toch.A Konj. III śra- in Ger. II śral ‘trennbar’{6} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | toch.B tsretär, A tsratär ‘wird getrennt’{7b} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | gr. δέρω ‘häute ab’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ?gr. (nachhom.) δέδαρται ‘ist abgehäutet’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | gr. ἔδειρα ‘häutete ab’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | gr. (Hdt.+) δείρω ‘häute ab’{8} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | gr. (Hdt.+) ἐδάρη ‘wurde abgehäutet’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | got. (+) ga-tairan ‘zerreißen (tr.)’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ?got. (+) ga-tar ‘zerriß’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | got. ga-taurnan ‘zerreißen (intr.)’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | lit. žem. derù, (dir̃ti) ‘abhäuten’{4} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | [lit. aukštait. diriù, (dìrti) ‘schinden’{7f} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | alb. djerr ‘zerstört’{6a} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | jav. pairi.dāraiieiṇti Yt. 14,56 ‘reißen etw. aus’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | jav. +dərənəṇti ‘reißen’, Ptz. auua.dərənaṇt-{7d} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | jav. niž-darədairiiāt̰ V. 18,38 ‘risse heraus’{10} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | [gr. δραπών Pi. ‘gepflückt habend’{2} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | gr. δρέπω ‘pflücke, schneide ab’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | gr. ἔδρεψα ‘pflückte, schnitt ab’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | gr. δρέπτω ‘pflücke, schneide ab’{4} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | slov. dr̂pljem, (dŕpati) ‘reißen’{3} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | skr. dȑpnuti ‘reißen’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | alb. dial. nordgeg. djerg ‘fällt hin, liegt darnieder’{2} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | alb. Med. dergjet ‘ist bettlägerig, liegt darnieder’{4} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ae. (+) ti(e)rgan ‘quälen’{3} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | russ. (+) d‘rnut' ‘ziehen, zupfen; plötzlich anziehen’{5} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | lit. dìrgstu, (dìrgti) ‘nachgeben, schwach werden’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | ved. (RV) drūṇāná- ‘niederschneidend’{2}, (MS) druṇāti ‘schädigt’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | mp. drūn- ‘schneiden, mähen’{3} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Cross References - Pokorny
1. der- : dōr-, d<sub>e</sub>r-, or dōr- : dər-Reflexes - Pokorny
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| English | phelloderm | tissue produced inwardly by cork cambium | n | AHD LRC |
| English | dahl | pigeon pea; stewed lentils/legumes | n | AHD LRC |
| English | -derm | skin, covering | n.sfx | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | -derma | skin (ailment) | n.sfx | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | dermato- | re: skin | pfx | AHD LRC |
| English | derris | tropical leguminous Old World shrub/vine | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | dhurrie | flat-woven cotton rug | n | AHD LRC |
| English | epidermis | outer, epithelial layer of skin | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | tare | weed | n | IEW LRC |
| English | tart | pungent, agreeably sharp to taste | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | tear, tore, torn | to rend, separate/pull apart by force | vb.str | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | tetter | vesicular skin disease (e.g. herpes, ringworm, eczema) | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | turd | dung, feces, piece of excrement | n.vulg | AHD LRC |
| Old English | taru | tear, rent | n | RPN LRC |
| Old English | teart | sharp, severe | adj | W7 LRC |
| Old English | teran, tær, tǣron, toren | to tear (apart), lacerate | vb.str.IV | GED RPN ASD LRC |
| Old English | torn | anger | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| Middle English | tart | tart | adj | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | teren | to tear | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | terren | to quarrel | vb | GED LRC |
| Middle English | teter | tetter | n | W7 LRC |
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish | drenn | quarrel | n | GED LRC |
| Cornish | darn | piece, portion, fragment | n | GED LRC |
| Welsh | darn | piece, portion, fragment | n | GED RPN LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian | tera | to tear apart | vb.str.IV | GED LRC |
| Old Frisian | tornig | angry | adj | GED LRC |
| Dutch | tarwe | wheat | n | TLL LRC |
| Dutch | toorn | anger | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | torn | division | n | GED LRC |
| Dutch | tornen | to undo; depart | vb | GED LRC |
| Old Saxon | farterian | to devour | vb.wk | GED LRC |
| Old Saxon | terian | to tear (apart) | vb.str.IV | GED RPN LRC |
| Old Saxon | torn | grief, affliction | n.neut | ASD LRC |
| Old Saxon | torn | anger | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| Middle Low German | terren | to quarrel | vb | GED LRC |
| Low German | terren | to excite | vb | GED LRC |
| Old High German | firzeran | to tear apart | vb.str.IV | GED LRC |
| Old High German | zeran | to rend, tear (apart), destroy | vb.str.IV | GED RPN LRC |
| Old High German | zerren | to tear | vb.wk | GED LRC |
| Old High German | zorn | grief, anger, jealousy, excitement | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| Middle High German | traz | spite | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle High German | verzern | to devour | vb.wk | GED LRC |
| Middle High German | zornig | angry | adj | GED LRC |
| German | Trotz | defiance | n.masc | LRC |
| German | trotz | in spite of | prep | TLL LRC |
| German | verzehren | to devour | vb | LRC |
| German | Zorn | grief, anger | n.masc | LRC |
| German | zornig | angry | adj | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse | trauðr | unwilling, reluctant | adj | LRC |
| Old Icelandic | trefill | rag, tatter | n | RPN LRC |
| Old Icelandic | trefr | fringe(s) | n | RPN LRC |
| Old Icelandic | tröf | fringe(s) | n | RPN LRC |
| Danish | trods | in spite of | prep | TLL LRC |
| Swedish | trots | in spite of | prep | TLL LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic | *af-taurnan | to tear off | vb.wk.IV | GED RPN LRC |
| Gothic | *dis-tairan | to rend, tear apart | vb.str.IV | GED LRC |
| Gothic | *dis-taurnan | to tear apart | vb.wk.IV | GED RPN LRC |
| Gothic | *ga-tairan | to break, destroy, tear down/apart | vb.str.IV | GED LRC |
| Gothic | *ga-tarnjan | to rob, take away | vb.wk.I | GED RPN LRC |
| Gothic | *ga-taurnan | to tear, cease, vanish, be destroyed | vb.wk.IV | GED LRC |
| Gothic | *ga-taurþs | destruction | n.fem | GED LRC |
| Gothic | *tarmjan | to break forth | vb.wk.I | GED LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Late Latin | epidermis | epidermis | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| New Latin | -derma | skin | sfx | W7 LRC |
| French | -derme | skin | sfx | W7 LRC |
| Balto-Slavic | ||||
| Lithuanian | diriù, derù, dìrti | to flay | vb | RPN LRC |
| Lithuanian | dir̃ti | to tear, flay | vb | GED LRC |
| Latvian | dur̃ns | confused | adj | GED LRC |
| Russian | dertь | cleared land | n | GED LRC |
| Russian | drápat', drapát' | to scrape, scratch | vb.dial | RPN LRC |
| Old Church Slavonic | derǫ, dьrǫ, dьrati | to flay, tear apart | vb | GED RPN LRC |
| Paleo-Balkan | ||||
| Albanian | drapër | sickle | n | RPN LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek | δέρμα | skin | n.neut | GED LRC |
| Greek | derris | skin | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Greek | δέρω | to skin, flay | vb | GED LRC |
| Greek | δορός | leather bag | n | GED LRC |
| Greek | δρέπανον | scythe | n | RPN LRC |
| Greek | δρέπω | to cull, pluck | vb | RPN LRC |
| Greek | epidermis | skin | n.fem | W7 LRC |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite | tarna- | to leave | vb | GED LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian | teṙem | to flay | vb | GED RPN LRC |
| Indo-Iranian | ||||
| Avestan | dərətō | to split | vb | GED LRC |
| Sanskrit | dárt | to burst | vb | GED LRC |
| Sanskrit | dīrṇás | split, confused | adj | GED LRC |
| Sanskrit | dŕ̥ṭiṣ | leather bag | n | GED LRC |
| Sanskrit | dr̥ṇā́ti | to rend, tear, split, (cause to) burst | vb | GED RPN LRC |