gʰeis-, and ǵʰeiz-d-
shocked, aghast, confused
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | ved. (AV) hinásti ‘verletzt’{3} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | got. us-gaisjan* ‘jmdn. erschrecken’{4} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | got. us-geisnan* ‘erschrecken’{5} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Reflexes - Liv
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NYI | ||||
| NYI | ved. á-heḍant-, á-heḍamāna- ‘nicht zürnend’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. á-heḍayant- ‘nicht erzürnend’ | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
| NYI | ved. jihiḍa ‘habe erzürnt’, jihiḍirā ‘sind erzürnt’{3} | NYI | .. | LIV TOL |
Reflexes - Pokorny
| Language | Reflex(es) | Gloss | Grammar | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English | gǣstan | to gast, afflict | vb.wk | GED LRC |
| Old English | gāst, gǣst | ghost, angel | n.str.masc | GED ASD LRC |
| Middle English | agast | aghast | adj | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | agasten | to gast | vb | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | gast, ghest, gost | ghost | n | W7 LRC |
| Middle English | gasten | to frighten | vb | W7 LRC |
| English | aghast | shocked, struck with horror/terror/amazement | adj | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | barghest | ghost/goblin portending misfortune | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | gast | to scare, frighten | vb.trans | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | ghastly | frightful | adj | GED LRC |
| English | ghost | soul, spirit, seat of life | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | poltergeist | mischievous ghost responsible for unexplained noises | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| English | Radagast | wizard in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | prop.n | LRC |
| English | snollygoster | shrewd unprincipled person/politician | n | AHD W7 LRC |
| Scots English | gest | ghost | n | ASD LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian | gast, iest | ghost | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Frisian | gæst | ghost | n | ASD LRC |
| Dutch | geest | ghost | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Old Saxon | gēst, gāst, geist | ghost | n.str.masc | GED ASD LRC |
| Low German | geest | ghost | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Old High German | geist | ghost | n.str.masc | GED LRC |
| Middle High German | geist | ghost | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| German | Geist | ghost | n.masc | W7 ASD LRC |
| German | Poltergeist | poltergeist | n | W7 LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic | geiska-fullr | lit. fearful | adj | GED LRC |
| Icelandic | geiski | fright | n | GED LRC |
| Danish | geist | ghost | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| Swedish | gast | ghost, evil spirit | n.masc | ASD LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic | gaisjan | to be frightened | vb.wk.I | ASD LRC |
| Gothic | gasts | ghost | n | LRC |
| Gothic | *us-gaisjan | to frighten | vb.wk.I | GED LRC |
| Gothic | *us-gaisnan | to be amazed, astonished | vb.wk.IV | GED LRC |
| Indo-Iranian | ||||
| Avestan | zaeša- | horrible | adj | GED LRC |
| Avestan | zōišnu- | frightened, trembling | adj | GED LRC |
| Sanskrit | hinásti | to injure, destroy | vb | GED LRC |
| Sanskrit | hīḍ- | to be angry | vb | GED LRC |
| Sanskrit | héḍas- | anger (of gods) | n | GED LRC |